What are the various methods of data collection explain each in detail?
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Interviews
Interviews can be conducted in person or over the telephoneInterviews can be done formally (structured), semi-structured, or informallyQuestions should be focused, clear, and encourage open-ended responsesInterviews are mainly qualitative in nature
One-on-one conversation with parent of at-risk youth who can help you understand the issue
Questionnaires and Surveys
Responses can be analyzed with quantitative methods by assigning numerical values to Likert-type scalesResults are generally easier (than qualitative techniques) to analyzePretest/Posttest can be compared and analyzed
Results of a satisfaction survey or opinion survey
Observations
Allows for the study of the dynamics of a situation, frequency counts of target behaviors, or other behaviors as indicated by needs of the evaluationGood source for providing additional information about a particular group, can use video to provide documentationCan produce qualitative (e.g., narrative data) and quantitative data (e.g., frequency counts, mean length of interactions, and instructional time)
Site visits to an after-school program to document the interaction between youth and staff within the program
Focus Groups
A facilitated group interview with individuals that have something in commonGathers information about combined perspectives and opinionsResponses are often coded into categories and analyzed thematically
A group of parents of teenagers in an after-school program are invited to informally discuss programs that might benefit and help their children succeed
Ethnographies, Oral History, and Case Studies
Involves studying a single phenomenonExamines people in their natural settingsUses a combination of techniques such as observation, interviews, and surveysEthnography is a more holistic approach to evaluationResearcher can become a confounding variable
Shadowing a family while recording extensive field notes to study the experience and issues associated with youth who have a parent or guardian that has been deployed
Documents and Records
Consists of examining existing data in the form of databases, meeting minutes, reports, attendance logs, financial records, newsletters, etc.This can be an inexpensive way to gather information but may be an incomplete data source
Interviews can be conducted in person or over the telephoneInterviews can be done formally (structured), semi-structured, or informallyQuestions should be focused, clear, and encourage open-ended responsesInterviews are mainly qualitative in nature
One-on-one conversation with parent of at-risk youth who can help you understand the issue
Questionnaires and Surveys
Responses can be analyzed with quantitative methods by assigning numerical values to Likert-type scalesResults are generally easier (than qualitative techniques) to analyzePretest/Posttest can be compared and analyzed
Results of a satisfaction survey or opinion survey
Observations
Allows for the study of the dynamics of a situation, frequency counts of target behaviors, or other behaviors as indicated by needs of the evaluationGood source for providing additional information about a particular group, can use video to provide documentationCan produce qualitative (e.g., narrative data) and quantitative data (e.g., frequency counts, mean length of interactions, and instructional time)
Site visits to an after-school program to document the interaction between youth and staff within the program
Focus Groups
A facilitated group interview with individuals that have something in commonGathers information about combined perspectives and opinionsResponses are often coded into categories and analyzed thematically
A group of parents of teenagers in an after-school program are invited to informally discuss programs that might benefit and help their children succeed
Ethnographies, Oral History, and Case Studies
Involves studying a single phenomenonExamines people in their natural settingsUses a combination of techniques such as observation, interviews, and surveysEthnography is a more holistic approach to evaluationResearcher can become a confounding variable
Shadowing a family while recording extensive field notes to study the experience and issues associated with youth who have a parent or guardian that has been deployed
Documents and Records
Consists of examining existing data in the form of databases, meeting minutes, reports, attendance logs, financial records, newsletters, etc.This can be an inexpensive way to gather information but may be an incomplete data source
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