what are there with solutions as well as robots as concerned
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Optimizing logistics, detecting fraud, composing art, conducting research, providing translations: intelligent machine systems are transforming our lives for the better. As these systems become more capable, our world becomes more efficient and consequently richer.
Tech giants such as Alphabet, Amazon, Facebook, IBM and Microsoft – as well as individuals like Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk – believe that now is the right time to talk about the nearly boundless landscape of artificial intelligence. In many ways, this is just as much a new frontier for ethics and risk assessment as it is for emerging technology. So which issues and conversations keep AI experts up at night?
1. Unemployment. What happens after the end of jobs?
The hierarchy of labour is concerned primarily with automation. As we’ve invented ways to automate jobs, we could create room for people to assume more complex roles, moving from the physical work that dominated the pre-industrial globe to the cognitive labour that characterizes strategic and administrative work in our globalized society.
Look at trucking: it currently employs millions of individuals in the United States alone. What will happen to them if the self-driving trucks promised by Tesla’s Elon Musk become widely available in the next decade? But on the other hand, if we consider the lower risk of accidents, self-driving trucks seem like an ethical choice. The same scenario could happen to office workers, as well as to the majority of the workforce in developed countries.
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1. Robots are multiuse tools. Robots should not be designed solely or primarily to kill or harm humans, except in the interests of national security.
2. Humans, not robots, are responsible agents. Robots should be designed; operated as far as is practicable to comply with existing laws and fundamental rights and freedoms, including privacy.
3. Robots are products. They should be designed using processes which assure their safety and security.
4. Robots are manufactured artifacts. They should not be designed in a deceptive way to exploit vulnerable users; instead their machine nature should be transparent.
5. The person with legal responsibility for a robot should be attributed.
Further, the British Standards Institute has published the world’s first standard on ethical guidelines for the design of robots: BS8611, in April 2016 (BSI, 2016). It has been prepared by a committee of scientists, academics, ethicists, philosophers and users to provide guidance on potential hazards and protective measures for the design of robots and autonomous systems being used in everyday life. This was followed by the IEEE Standards Association initiative on AI and Autonomous System ethics publishing an Ethical Aligned Design, version 1 being a “A Vision for Prioritizing Human Wellbeing with Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems” (IEEE, 2016; Bryson and Winfield, 2017). It consists of eight sections, each addressing a specific topic related to AI and autonomous systems that has been discussed by a specific committee of the IEEE Global Initiative. The theme for each of the sections is as follows:
1. General principles.
2. Embedding values into autonomous intelligent systems.
3. Methodologies to guide ethical research and design.
4. Safety and beneficence of artificial general intelligence and artificial superintelligence.
5. Personal data and individual access control.
6. Reframing autonomous weapons systems.
7. Economics/humanitarian issues.
The document will be revised based on an open hearing with deadline April 2017.
Civil law rules for robotics have also been discussed within the European Community resulting in a published European Parliament resolution (EP, 2017). Furthermore, discussing principles for AI were the target for the Asilomar conference gathering leaders in economics, law, ethics, and philosophy for five days dedicated to beneficial AI. It resulted in 23 principles within Research issues; Ethics and Values; and Longer-term Issues, respectively (Asilomar, 2017). They are published on the web and have later been endorsed by a number of leading researchers and business people. Similarly, the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence has published nine Ethical Guidelines (JSAI, 2017).
All the initiatives above indicate a concern around the world for the future of AI and robotics technology and a sincere interest in having the researchers themselves contribute to the development of technology that is in every way favorable