What caused the decline and downfall of the Mongols?
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The most enduring part of the Mongol Empire proved to be the Golden Horde. It had begun to decline significantly in the mid-14th century, however, after outbreak of the Black Death and the murder of one of its rulers. The Golden Horde finally broke apart into several smaller territories in the 15th century.
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Answer:
Decline of Mongolian Empire
Under the rule of Genghis Khan, also known as Chinggis, who also founded the Mongol Empire, the Mongols slaughtered huge populations and decimated entire cities. During his reign the Mongols conquered more land in 25 years than the Romans did in 400. Before his death, Genghis divided his empire among his sons. Each of them going and conquering their own land. The four Khanates were then ruled by his son, Ogedie Khan. After Ogedie's death in 1241, there was decade long power struggle among the Mongol elites. After that, one of Genghis' grandsons, Mongke Khan, took power in 1251. He quickly renewed Mongol expansion, mostly through new conquest in the Middle East and Southern China. Mongke dies in 1259, leading to a meeting of the generals to choose the successor. One general, Hulegu Khan, was forced to remove his army from his place of conquest. This move unintentionally led to a turning point in Mongol history. The area in which they moved from was now without protection and a conquering general. Without these things the remaining small army rose up against another conquering army, the Muslim Mamluks. That was known as the battle of Ain Jalut, which the Mongols greatly lost, marking the end of their southwest expansion.
The generals, in the end could not come to decision leading to the Tolid civil war, which was between the descendents of Genghis khan. As a result of the war the empire was split into four autonomous empires, Ilkhante, Yuan Dynasty, Chagatai Khanate, and the Golden Horde. The divided Mongol Empire gradually became weak due to it being disorganized and succumbing to inside fighting. One big reason the Mongol empire fell was due to a lack of a system that transitions power. For example The ruling heir of the Golden Horde died in 1359 leaving the Khanate government in shambles, leading to their defeat by a rival Muslim dynasty. Similar events such as that one to the other Khanates throughout the 14th century. The gradual collapse was sped up by the spread of the Black plague along the Mongols trade routs in 1349. In 1368, while the empire was still weak, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty which covered most of the remaining land. This defeat sent the remaining descendants back to Mongolia where they ruled until 1635.
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