Question

what causes buoyant force or upthrust on a boat

Answer 1

buoyant force on a object is caused by pressure of the water by pushing up on the bottom of the water

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Answer 2

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pressure exerted by a liquid increase with depth and act in all direction. So, the upward force exerted by the liquid on the bottom of an object is greater than the downward force acting on the top of the object. This gives rise to net force acting on the object in the upward direction, which accounts for the buoyant force .