What causes the temporara and permanent hardness of water . Discuss the method of softening of hard water by ion exchange method?
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Hard water contains dissolved magnesium and calcium ions. These make it more difficult for the water to form a lather with soap. Temporaryhardness is caused by dissolved calcium hydrogencarbonate (which is removed by boiling). Permanent hardness is caused by dissolved calcium sulfate (which is not removed by boiling).
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