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what changes has technology brought indeveloping country

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Answered by nhkmk786
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Technology has always been seen to play a central role in socio-economic development, and change in technology has thus been seen as an essential ingredient of development strategies throughout the world (Bell and Pavitt 1993Bell, M., and K. Pavitt. 1993. “Technological Accumulation and Industrial Growth: Contrasts Between Developed and Developing Countries.” Industrial and Corporate Change 2 (2): 157–210. doi: 10.1093/icc/2.1.157[Crossref], , [Google Scholar]; Evenson and Westphal 1995Evenson, R. E., and L. E. Westphal.1995. “Technological Change and Technology Strategy.” In Vol. 3A of Handbook of Development Economics, edited by J. Behrmanand T. N. Srinivasan, 2209–2299. Amsterdam: North-Holland. [Google Scholar]). There has therefore been intense interest in processes of technological change: the processes such as technology innovation, diffusion, adaptation, implementation and use that make the connection between technology and development. It is these processes – more than the context within which they occur, or the impact of technological change – which form the focus for this paper. And it is these processes within development and particularly within the development studies literature – rather than their treatment in the wider technology and innovation studies literature – which forms the focus for this paper

Since the 1960s, the number of these technological processes that have been the focus of research interest has steadily accumulated: adoption then transfer then adaptation then innovation, for example, all being added to the roster, in part reflecting the real expansion of capabilities and processes within developing countries (Bell and Albu 1999Bell, M., and M. Albu. 1999. “Knowledge Systems and Technological Dynamism in Industrial Clusters in Developing Countries.” World Development 27 (9): 1715–1734. doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00073-X[Crossref], [Web of Science ®], , [Google Scholar]; Alvarez and Marin 2013Alvarez, I., and R. Marin. 2013. “FDI and Technology as Levering Factors of Competitiveness in Developing Countries.” Journal of International Management 19 (3): 232–246. doi: 10.1016/j.intman.2013.02.005[Crossref], [Web of Science ®], , [Google Scholar]). This accumulation of processes has been accompanied by a conceptual accumulation, with theories of technology and development dealing particularly with the macro level (e.g. exogenous and endogenous growth) being joined by micro-level theories (e.g. technological capabilities and learning) and meso-level theories (e.g. systems of innovation).

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