Question

what changes occurred in tribal economy and societies in the nineteenth century​

Answer 1

Explanation:

they didn't allow jhum cultivation in forest.

new tex system were introduced.

lander were expoilt.

Answer 2

Nineteenth century was the time when India was under colonial rule. The British were constantly imposing harsh policies, blind to other people's life and beliefs. These rigid rules brought about a major change in the lives of tribal societies.

Below are the vast changes that occurred in tribal economy and societies during the nineteenth century:

★ The livelihood of jhum cultivators

Many of the tribal societies practiced jhum cultivation for their daily bread. Their source of life was forest, where they cultivated on small patches of land. But the British wanted to use the forests to their benefit and keep the cultivators under their control. Thus, they:

• banned the jhum cultivators cultivation rights, forcing them to demolish their traditional practice
• ordered new forest laws which said they were forbidden to move about in the forests
• forced them to switch to settled agriculture, which led to many cultivators facing problems when they did not yield a good harvest

★ Tribal chiefs and their autonomy

The tribal chiefs had the power of administering their areas and managing the resources as they liked. The significant authority of tribal chiefs was seized by the British as soon as they realized their economic power over the tribal communities. The British:

• made their laws and forced the chiefs to obey, leaving them with only very minor authority
• pushed them to pay taxes
• set their hands on the chiefs' power and forced them to be their pawns

★ Ill-treatment by the moneylenders and traders

At that time, many moneylenders and traders came into scene, fooling the tribes into giving them their products at low price and selling them with high profit.

• The tribal economy was degraded
• The tribal communities were exploited

★ Unemployment among tribes

By prohibiting free movement in the forests, the British not only destroyed the jhum cultivators' lives but also the other tribes who depended on forests for their daily supply. They were banned from

• collecting fruits and herbs which dismantled their food and remedial system
• hunting and gathering, and since the hunter-gatherers did not rely on agriculture, they were angry too
• taking their herds to the woods, which made the lives of pastoralist tribes difficult

Now hunter-gatherers, pastoralists and other tribes had no choice but to wander in search of work and bow to the British.

★ No relax with such heavy tax

So many drastic changes had twisted the lives of the tribes into a chaotic knot. In the midst of all this chaos, the British calmly imposed new and more heavy taxes. The plight of the tribal societies got graver. Here and there, the people:

• toiled hard but got negligible money, then were ordered to pay high revenue
• roamed infuriated with their jobs and daily bread lost and suffering hardships during their search for work
• were suppressed to carry on with their tradition
• were being deceived by tradesmen and then asked to work hard to be deceived again

These changes finally caused enough havoc to have tribal communities revolt against the British's cold-heartedness and lack of regard.