Question

What characteristics do all eukaryotic cells have in common?

Answer 1

Answer:

Following are the characteristics that all eukaryotic cells have common :

• Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• Eukaryotic cells form all organisms except bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotic cells exist in a  variety of forms, ranging from unicellular creatures such as protozoa and algae to highly specialized cells  in animals and plants. Regardless of their function, however, all eukaryotic cells share certain characteristics.
• Eukaryotic membranes are highly modified. In addition to the layer of proteins and phospholipids that acts as a selective barrier, unicellular animals, for example, have special proteins embedded in their plasma (cell) membrane that interact with external molecules  and allow the cell to respond to changing external circumstances to react.
• The plasma membrane also serves as a "sensing organ".The membranes that enclose organelles often have additional functions, such as anchoring vital proteins in precise relationships to one another and acting as internal barriers. Extensive internal membrane systems that span the entire cytoplasm process metabolites and act as sites of protein synthesis.
• Organelles Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells subdivide various metabolic processes into membrane-bound organelles. For example, the breakdown of certain food molecules to provide energy takes place in the mitochondria, and photosynthesis takes place in a chloroplast. The compartmentalization of metabolic processes makes eukaryotic cells very efficient and allows them to increase in size.
• Cell Nucleus The cell nucleus contains the DNA molecules, the macromolecules that carry all the genetic and hereditary information of the cell. Linear strands of DNA intertwine with histones and other proteins to form chromosomes.
• These normally invisible structures can be stained with dyes, identified and counted during the division process. Each type of eukaryotic organism has its own unique collection of chromosomes.
• Eukaryotic cell divides to produce two new daughter cells, all the DNA molecules from the parent cell are faithfully copied and combined with the histones into compact packages. In the process called mitosis, a complete set of chromosomes is passed to each new daughter cell.
• This process ensures that each offspring is genetically identical to the parent cell. Meiosis Most (but not all) eukaryotic cells contain two sets of their genetic information. Such cells are called diploid.

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