What controls ,integrates and manages the individual hardware components of a computer system?
Answers
Answer:
In computing and especially in computer hardware, a controller is a chip (such as a microcontroller), an expansion card, or a stand-alone device that interfaces with a more peripheral device. This may be a link between two parts of a computer (for example a memory controller that manages access to memory for the computer) or a controller on an external device that manages the operation of (and connection with) that device.
The term is sometimes used in the opposite sense to refer to a device by which the user controls the operation of the computer, as in game controller.
In desktop computers the controller may be a plug-in board, a single integrated circuit on the motherboard, or an external device. In mainframes the controller is usually either a separate device attached to a channel or integrated into the peripheral. Controllers can be present on both sides of a computer bus. The controller on the host side (physically part of the host) is called a host controller or (in storage contexts) a host bus adapter. The controller on the peripheral side (physically part of the peripheral device) is called a peripheral controller; examples are disk controllers and flash memory controllers, which in modern systems are usually integrated into the drive.
This classification does not apply to network controllers, since systems participate as peers and neither system is clearly more central/peripheral.
Controller boards
Video display controller expansion board
Early desktop computers such as the IMSAI 8080 used expansion boards (or expansion cards) for all controllers, each handling a specific type of device. Examples of expansion board controllers are:
Graphics controller or video display controller
SCSI controller, more properly called SCSI host bus adapter
Network interface controller (NIC)
Parallel port controller
Controller chips
Intel C8251 Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (USART) chip
As chip densities improved controllers were implemented as single chips and often located on the motherboard. Examples are:
Microcontroller unit (MCU)
Keyboard controller
Programmable Interrupt Controller
Northbridge (computing) – Intel memory controller chip
Southbridge (computing) – Intel I/O controller chip
Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) communications controller chip
Memory controller, logic which manages the flow of data in a computer system
Peripheral DMA controller
Floppy disk controller
Further integration enabled development of Super I/O chips — single chips that could control a variety of devices such as floppy disks, parallel ports, serial ports, keyboard, and mouse.
External controllers
A disassembled and labeled disk drive showing controller integrated into the drive.
Disk controller, often integrated into modern disk drives.
Disk array controller, also known as RAID controller, a type of storage controller
Flash controller, or SSD controller, manages flash memory.
Terminal Access Controller
Explanation:
What controls ,integrates and manages the individual hardware components of a computer system?