What could be a reason for the difference in availability of resources from one place to another?
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Answer:
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Explanation:
The availability and reliability of the supply of mineral commodities relate to the horizontal axis of the criticality matrix described in Chapter 1. Availability is dynamic but is generally considered to be a long-term issue, whereas reliability of supply is a shorter-term issue. Part of the mineral resource endowment that is often overlooked is the amount of material that is landfilled or scrapped but could be recycled. Net imports and exports of scrap for recycling should also be taken into consideration. In addressing the availability of critical minerals and materials the availability of both the virgin resource (primary availability) and the previously processed resource (secondary availability) must be considered.
The committee defines five dimensions of primary availability in this study: geologic (does the mineral resource exist), technical (can we extract and process it?), environmental and social (can we produce it in environmentally and socially accepted ways?), political (how do governments influence availability through their policies and actions?), and economic (can we produce it at a cost users are willing or able to pay?). Geologic availability includes consideration of the geologically appropriate terrains for a given mineral, mineral associations, depths, grade, tonnage, and geometry of the deposit. Technical availability considers the state of technology and knowledge to find, extract, and process the mineral resource. Environmental and social availability includes attributes of the environment in which the
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Suggested Citation:"3 Availability and Reliability of Supply." National Research Council. 2008. Minerals, Critical Minerals, and the U.S. Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12034.×
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mineral is found or processed, such as endangered species, water and air quality, and scenic beauty. Social availability accounts for the community acceptance of resource development and may be more commonly referred to as “social license to operate.” Political availability applies at local, national, and international levels and is a function of the predictability of laws, the independence of the judiciary, the limits on litigation, the protection of land tenure, the willingness of the host country to allow or facilitate development of the resource and repatriation of profits, and the military and economic stability of a region and the availability of an appropriate workforce. Economic availability considers the cost to discover the mineral deposit; to extract the minerals; and to process, concentrate, and purify the minerals balanced against the market value of the product. The availability of technical and skilled workforces is also a factor in economic availability. This chapter discusses the dimensions of primary and secondary availability and additional indicators of risk to the supply to clarify the input used to evaluate the risk to the availability of a mineral as a determinant of that mineral’s position in the criticality matrix.
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