Question

What did the term bread and circuses refer to during the time of the Roman emperors?

Answer 1

Answer:

A phrase used by a Roman writer to deplore the declining heroism of Romans after the Roman Republic ceased to exist and the Roman Empire began: “Two things only the people anxiously desire — bread and circuses.” The government kept the Roman populace happy by distributing free food and staging huge spectacles.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

Answer:

This idiom first appeared in Satire X by the Roman satirist Juvenal (c. 100 CE) in Rome. In this context, the Latin phrase panem et circenses (bread and circuses) refers to the only pursuit of a Roman people that has lost interest in exercising its ancient right to political participation. Juvenal uses a variety of topics, such as the thirst for power and old age, to convey his point here, showing his disdain for the waning heroism of modern Romans. A grain dole was instituted by Roman legislators in 140 CE in an effort to retain the votes of the lower class of people. Providing inexpensive food and entertainment, or "bread and circuses," soon became the most successful strategy for gaining political power.

Explanation:

• Bread and games, sometimes known as "read and circuses" (from the Latin panem et circenses), is a metonym for superficial satisfaction. It is often used in cultural contexts, notably political situations, and is credited to Juvenal, a Roman poet active in the late first and early second century CE.

• In a political context, the expression means to win over the public's support without excelling in public service or policy. Instead, it refers to doing so by diverting attention from important issues or by providing an alternative that will at least temporarily satisfy the needs of the public, such as providing food (bread) or entertainment (circuses).

• Juvenal used it at first to criticise the "selfishness" of regular people and their disregard for bigger issues. The statement suggests that the primacy of civic responsibility in a people is eroding or being ignorant of it.

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