What do we call to the process of transfer of physical and mental characters from parents to the progency
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There are two principle modes of transferring characteristics: nature and nurture. Nurture is the simplest to understand. People learn language, behaviors, prejudices, values, even preferences for food and style from whoever raises them.
The natural characteristics are transferred through genetics. In humans, each cell contains paired chromosomes which are composed of a polymer called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Some of these cells divide to produce gametes (ova in females, sperm in males). During the process, the paired chromosomes can twist and exchange portions of their lengths by a mechanism called genetic recombination. Each gamete now has one of each chromosome (instead of a pair) and each of those chromosomes is a semi-random mix of segments of the paired chromosomes from the parent.
The parents have sex and when gametes from the parents meet, they fuse to produce a single cell that now has two of every chromosome. There are 22 chromosomes pairs plus a pair of sex chromosomes. If one of the secs chromosomes is a short Y chromosome, the baby is said to be male. If both are X chromosomes, the baby will be female.
The DNA of the chromosomes is a polymer of 4 distinct chemical structures called nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) linked together by a chain of 5-carbon sugars called deoxyribose. The DNA acts as both a template for proteins, and as a mechanism for controlling the rate of production of those proteins. There is a system called DNA transcription whereby sequences in the DNA recruit enzymes that produce a sort of "working copy" of a section of DNA, the unit of which is called a "gene". The transcript is a polymer similar to DNA, but less stable, and this messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) floats about in the cell before encountering a structure that uses it as a template to build a protein. The protein is a polymer of amino acids, and the ribosome has a mechanism that reads the sequence of the mRNA 3 nucleotides at a time (what are called codons) and matches each triplet with an associated amino acid.
The proteins in the cell serve many roles. Some are structural, some become mechanisms to receive chemical signals (and some become signals), some glue cells together, some are catalysts that make up the biochemistry of the cell (including all those bits about replicating, transcribing, and translating the DNA).
It's variations in the DNA (and subsequently in mRNA and proteins) that manifest as observable characteristics (what biologists call "phenotypes"). Attenuation of melanocyte production affects skin color, the shape of growth hormone receptors and regulation of growth hormone production affects size, leptin receptors affect body shape, various DNA regions associated with the timing and synchronization of developmental cues affect appearance, the structure of certain pigment-producing genes affects eye color, etc.
The differences in human appearance are the product of millions of tiny and almost inconsequential variations in the DNA sequence that manifest visibly and invisibly over the course of our physical development.
BTW- I glossed over pretty much all the details because there's a lot. Quite a bit of modern medical research considers what happens when various bits of this process don't work
The natural characteristics are transferred through genetics. In humans, each cell contains paired chromosomes which are composed of a polymer called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Some of these cells divide to produce gametes (ova in females, sperm in males). During the process, the paired chromosomes can twist and exchange portions of their lengths by a mechanism called genetic recombination. Each gamete now has one of each chromosome (instead of a pair) and each of those chromosomes is a semi-random mix of segments of the paired chromosomes from the parent.
The parents have sex and when gametes from the parents meet, they fuse to produce a single cell that now has two of every chromosome. There are 22 chromosomes pairs plus a pair of sex chromosomes. If one of the secs chromosomes is a short Y chromosome, the baby is said to be male. If both are X chromosomes, the baby will be female.
The DNA of the chromosomes is a polymer of 4 distinct chemical structures called nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) linked together by a chain of 5-carbon sugars called deoxyribose. The DNA acts as both a template for proteins, and as a mechanism for controlling the rate of production of those proteins. There is a system called DNA transcription whereby sequences in the DNA recruit enzymes that produce a sort of "working copy" of a section of DNA, the unit of which is called a "gene". The transcript is a polymer similar to DNA, but less stable, and this messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) floats about in the cell before encountering a structure that uses it as a template to build a protein. The protein is a polymer of amino acids, and the ribosome has a mechanism that reads the sequence of the mRNA 3 nucleotides at a time (what are called codons) and matches each triplet with an associated amino acid.
The proteins in the cell serve many roles. Some are structural, some become mechanisms to receive chemical signals (and some become signals), some glue cells together, some are catalysts that make up the biochemistry of the cell (including all those bits about replicating, transcribing, and translating the DNA).
It's variations in the DNA (and subsequently in mRNA and proteins) that manifest as observable characteristics (what biologists call "phenotypes"). Attenuation of melanocyte production affects skin color, the shape of growth hormone receptors and regulation of growth hormone production affects size, leptin receptors affect body shape, various DNA regions associated with the timing and synchronization of developmental cues affect appearance, the structure of certain pigment-producing genes affects eye color, etc.
The differences in human appearance are the product of millions of tiny and almost inconsequential variations in the DNA sequence that manifest visibly and invisibly over the course of our physical development.
BTW- I glossed over pretty much all the details because there's a lot. Quite a bit of modern medical research considers what happens when various bits of this process don't work
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Heredity: The process of transfer of traits from parents to the progeny is referred to as heredity.
The transfer of physical and mental characters may take place either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction.
The progeny acquire the genetic code of information or DNA of their parents.
Variations because of heredity between individuals can cause species to evolve by natural selection.
Heredity can be categorized based on,
- Number of involved loci
- Involved chromosomes
- Correlation genotype–phenotype
The process of transfer of physical and mental characters from parents to the progeny is called Heredity.
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