What do you mean by common ion effect and solubility product principle? Discuss the applications of these principles for the separation of analytical group II and III in the systematic qualitative analysis of basic radicals
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Answer:
The common ion effect is an effect that suppresses the ionization of an electrolyte when another electrolyte (which contains an ion which is also present in the first electrolyte, i.e. a common ion) is added. It is considered to be a consequence of Le Chatlier’s principle (or the Equilibrium Law).
Application of common ion effects-
1) The common ion effect can be used to obtain drinking water from aquifers (underground layer of water mixed with permeable rocks or other unconsolidated materials) containing chalk or limestone. Sodium carbonate (chemical formula Na2CO3) is added to the water in order to decrease the hardness of the water.
2) In the treatment of water, the common ion effect is used to precipitate out the calcium carbonate (which is sparingly soluble) from the water via the addition of sodium carbonate, which is highly soluble.
3) A finely divided calcium carbonate precipitate of a very pure composition is obtained from this addition of sodium carbonate. The CaCO3 precipitate is, therefore, a valuable by-product which can be used in the process of manufacturing toothpaste.
Since soaps are the sodium salts of carboxylic acids containing a long aliphatic chain (fatty acids), the common ion effect can be observed in the salting-out process which is used in the manufacturing of soaps. The soaps are precipitated out by adding sodium chloride to the soap solution in order to reduce its solubility.