what do you mean by quantum numbers? explain the information obtained by each quantum number.
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Answer:
The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy of the electron in an atom are called quantum numbers. There are four quantum numbers, namely, principal, azimuthal, magnetic and spin quantum numbers. The values of the conserved quantities of a quantum system are given by quantum numbers.
Explanation:
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Answer:
The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy of the electron in an atom are called quantum numbers.
Four quantum numbers can be used to completely describe all the attributes of a given electron belonging to an atom, these are PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER
Principal quantum numbers are denoted by the symbol ‘n’. They designate the principal electron shell of the atom. Since the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electrons is described by it, a larger value of the principal quantum number implies a greater distance between the electron and the nucleus (which, in turn, implies a greater atomic size).
The value of the principal quantum number can be any integer with a positive value that is equal to or greater than one. The value n=1 denotes the innermost electron shell of an atom, which corresponds to the lowest energy state (or the ground state) of an electron.
AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER
The azimuthal (or orbital angular momentum) quantum number describes the shape of a given orbital. It is denoted by the symbol ‘l’ and its value is equal to the total number of angular nodes in the orbital.
A value of the azimuthal quantum number can indicate either an s, p, d, or f subshell which vary in shapes. This value depends on (and is capped by) the value of the principal quantum number, i.e. the value of the azimuthal quantum number ranges between 0 and (n-1).
For example, if n =3, the azimuthal quantum number can take on the following values – 0,1, and 2. When l=0, the resulting subshell is an ‘s’ subshell. Similarly, when l=1 and l=2, the resulting subshells are ‘p’ and ‘d’ subshells (respectively). Therefore, when n=3, the three possible subshells are 3s, 3p, and 3d.
MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER
The magnetic quantum number is the third on the list between spin and azimuthal quantum number. It splits the sub-shells (such as s,p,d,f) into individual orbitals and places the electron in one of them. It defines the orientation in space of a given orbital of particular energy (n) and shape (I).
In each sub-shell, the number of orbitals is given as 2+1, where is the azimuthal quantum number. By that process, we can find out the orbital in every sub-shell.
Since the magnetic quantum number is dependent on azimuthal quantum number, its value ranges from – to +, including 0.
SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER
Spin quantum number is a quantum number that parameterizes the intrinsic angular momentum (also known as spin angular momentum) of a given particle.
As far as an electron is concerned, spin quantum number coupled with principal, azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers, describes the unique quantum state of an electron