Question

what do you understand by Hindu Revivalism​

Answer 1

Explanation:

Several contemporary groups, collectively termed Hindu reform movements or Hindu revivalism, strive to introduce regeneration and reform to Hinduism, both in a religious or spiritual and in a societal sense. The movements started appearing during the Bengali Renaissance.

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Answer 2

In Bengal & Maharashtra in the seventh of the 19th century, the creed of Brahmo Samaj & Prarthana Samaj began to be replaced by Hindu regeneration and a fresh, even aggressive Hinduism began to emerge above the voice of rationalism that had spread in the country almost forty years.

Explanation:

• In Bengal the tendency was expressed by the leadership of the orthodox middle class group headed by Radhakanto Deb of Sova Bazar who established the Dharma Sabha against Brahmo Sabha of Ram Mohan Roy in 1830. This movement did not advance, however, and for almost half the century the Young Bengal revolutionaries as well as the reformers such as Dwarakanath and Devendranath had held the field
• Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, Akshay Kumar Datta, Rajnarayan Bose, Ramtanu Lahiri, & others supporte the social reform movement and their involvement greatly strengthened the image of brahmo society. Though ideas and radicalist influence and the desperate need for social change had started to dissipate, conservative trends had come to the forefront. In Bengal in the 1970s and Maharashtra in the 1980s these changes were marked
• The mind of the people was influenced by two ideologies in Bengal, nationalism & romanticism. Individual self-assertion & pride feelings in the past heritage, discontentment at the ruling class's arrogance and oppression, compassion for rural poor, poverty, and a desire for freedom and equality were present. Naturally, this move stimulated a demand for "political emancipation" that seemed unlikely without social changes.
• Ancient philopshy, literature, law, science, arts & monuments which had been "buried in oblivion" had been brought to life, and the world 's reputation and the self-respect of India had been tremendously enhanced by these. This led to a revulsion towards Western civilization and theology and an attempt to repudiate all forms towards Western dominance.
• The following movement came to be called the "neo-hinduism" which had many supporters who had two schools, one totally opposing all reforms and another without admitting that any reforms refused to accept changes in substances  as revulsion of Western culture & religion and a desire to repudiate all kinds of western superiority. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was the most important pioneer of the movement in Bengal. He had "represented" the "general awakening" in the "old traditional sects" of the 19th century. Bankim Chandra had combined his "nationalist fervor" with "deep religious devotion".
• Ramkrishna Mission was found  to be a "synthesis" of the Western & Oriental forces & ideas that chara­cterized the last religious & social movts of the 19th century. The founder RamakrishnaI believed in the "inherent truth" of a different beliefs and religions & tested it by practicing religious rituals   not only  the various Hindu sects, but also of Christianity & Islam.
• The "Theosophical Society", founded in the US initially and later came toIndia in Madras, was more mystical & more conservative than other missions & Samajas . This move­ment from start got itself "allied to Hindu revivalist move­ments". Mrs Annie Besant,  who had joined the society in the year 1888, had state that the current problem of India could be resolved by revival of ancient institutions & ideals of India.
• For Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, the Bengal renaissance had reached its peak & flowering. Vidyasagar was a man of wisdom and noble virtues with a valiant disposition. His contributions to Bengali prose were a landmark in Bengali literary and literary development. Vidyasagar opposed child marriage & polygamy but his boldest stand was his strong, conservative advocacy of widow marriage. Although Vidyasagars bold advocate of the cause – the organ of Young Bengal's widow remarriage – made it really a question and, while the government first wanted no legislation in that connection, Iswar Chandra persuaded them to adopt the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act of 1856.
• Ramkrishna’s humanism had found an "ardent advocate" & "exponent" in his disciple Vivekananda. For the first time that the superiority of Hindu culture and civilisation, the grandeur of heritage and the hope of the future was proclaimed by him before the world in contemporary India. Instead of a complex inferiority, an inherent cowardice with the western culture and manners, there was refreshing courage and awareness  of a power inherent in the Indian culture and religion, a civilisation and heritage which marked the viewpoints and expressions Vivakananda. Although it did not favor agitation politics, yet it was his heart's favor to build a strong, courageous and dynamic nation.

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How did people in India look upon the social reforms brought about ...

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