what do you understand by the term human society? about 500 words
Answers
Social and economic attributes of the post-industrial society
The University of Maryland's George Ritzerprovides six changes in social structure associated with the transition to a post-industrial society:
1. Within the economy, there is a transition from goods production to the provision of services. Production of such goods as clothing and steel declines and services such as selling hamburgers and offering advice on investments increase. Although services predominate in a wide range of sectors, health, education, research, and government services are the most decisive for a post-industrial society.
2. The importance of blue-collar, manual work (e.g., assembly line workers) declines and professional (lawyers) and technical work (computer programmers) come to predominate. Of special importance is the rise of scientists (e.g., specialized engineers, such as genetic or electric). Many mining towns and similar settlements face large scale unemployment as a result of the increasing importance of both theoretical knowledge with a simultaneous decline in manufacturing and increasing importance of environmentalism. Many industrial towns residents are on benefits, such as the dole.
3. Instead of practical know-how, theoretical knowledge is increasingly essential in a post-industrial society. Such knowledge is seen as the basic source of innovation (e.g., the knowledge created by those scientists involved in the Human Genome Project is leading to new ways of treating many diseases). Advances in knowledge also lead to the need for other innovations such as ways of dealing with ethical questions raised by advances in cloning technology. All of this involved an emphasis on theoretical rather than empirical knowledge and on the codification of knowledge. The exponential growth of theoretical and codified knowledge, in all its varieties, is central to emergence of the post-industrial society.
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Essay on the Study of Human Society – In comparison with other animals human beings stand out as distinct species.
This uniqueness of human beings or men as such has been attributed to various factors. But man’s uniqueness does not stem out from his physical traits.
As human beings claim man alone has a soul, has higher level of intelligence, has a speaking ability, has sociability and hence civilized from the sociological point of view this uniqueness can be attributed to the sole factor of culture. All the other differences stem out from culture itself. It adds an extra dimension to human existence.
Culture includes all modes of thought and behaviour and all kinds of material or non-material achievement of man that are handed down from one generation to another through language. The possession of culture makes not only man but his society unique. The addition of culture has made the humanoid to stem out of primates with all the difference.
The study of human society, thus, necessarily involves the study of culture. The impact of culture is there on all the parts of society. If we study, for example, the family patterns, then they are understood as cultural patterns; their variations from time to time and place, as cultural variations.
The difference between marriage and mating; legitimacy and illegitimacy; authority and dominance can be understood only with cultural interpretations. Culture is equally significant in providing explanations for economic, religious, legal, political, educational and other organisations.
The analysis of human society can be made on the cultural level. But the content of culture is so diverse that it includes art, architecture, music, literature, science, technology, philosophy, religion and such other millions of things. No single discipline can set out to study culture in all its infinite details.
Most of the sciences of man (the so called humanistic science) are actually the science of culture. A social scientist is interested in culture to the extent to which culture is related to the social life of man. He selects for his study those aspects of culture which throw light on social organisation and behaviour.
Of the social scientists, a sociologist or social anthropologist is more interested in culture for it contributes to the complexity and continuity of human society. He takes more interest in those aspects of culture, that condition the patterns of social interaction, that is, the folkways, mores, customs, values, law and institutions that govern conduct.
It is true that the cultural element is so pervasive in human society that no behaviour is free from its influence. Man’s political, economic, educational, occupational and such other activities are all influenced by culture.
Still it cannot be said that a social scientist is primarily or exclusively interested in culture as such. He is concerned primarily with society and with culture insofar as it influences man’s life in society.
The social sciences are devoted to the study of mental and not physical phenomena. The physical objects that constitute the parts of physical phenomena are the outcome of ideas and techniques which are included in social heritage. “From the sociological point of view such physical objects are products made possible only by transmission of principles and ideas from person to person”.
What is more important here is the meaningful interaction between different individuals. Such things as-social solidarity, economic exchange, technological production, political organisation, kinship identification etc., involve mutual awareness and symbolic communication. They would exist because of the contact of mind with mind. Thus, the social phenomena must essentially be construed as mental phenomena.