What effect did the dispute between the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic churches in the 11th century have? A) The Orthodox Church fell under the rule of a patriarch. B) The Roman Catholic Church became a minority religion. C) The two churches split apart permanently. D) The emperor took control of the Orthodox Church.
Answers
Answer:
The East–West Schism (also the Great Schism or Schism of 1054) is the break of communion since the 11th century between the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.[1] The schism was the culmination of theological and political differences which had developed during the preceding centuries between Eastern and Western Christianity.
East–West Schism
Date
January–July 1054
Also known as
Great Schism,
Schism of 1054
Type
Christian Schism
Cause
Ecclesiastical differences
Theological and Liturgical disputes
Participants
Pope Leo IX
Ecumenical Patriarch Michael I Cerularius
Outcome
Permanent split of the two churches into the modern-day Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches
A succession of ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes between the Greek East and Latin West preceded the formal split that occurred in 1054.[1][2][3] Prominent among these were: the procession of the Holy Spirit (Filioque), whether leavened or unleavened bread should be used in the Eucharist,[a] the bishop of Rome's claim to universal jurisdiction, and the place of the See of Constantinople in relation to the pentarchy.[7]
In 1053, the first step in the process which led to a formal schism was taken: the Greek churches in southern Italy were forced to conform to Latin practices and if any of them did not, they were forced to close.[8][9][10] In retaliation, Patriarch Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople ordered the closure of all Latin churches in Constantinople. In 1054, the papal legate sent by Leo IX travelled to Constantinople for purposes that included refusing Cerularius the title of "ecumenical patriarch" and insisting that he recognize the pope's claim to be the head of all of the churches.[1] The main purposes of the papal legation were to seek help from the Byzantine emperor, Constantine IX Monomachos, in view of the Norman conquest of southern Italy and deal with recent attacks by Leo of Ohrid against the use of unleavened bread and other Western customs,[11] attacks that had the support of Cerularius. The historian Axel Bayer says the legation was sent in response to two letters, one from the emperor seeking assistance in arranging a common military campaign by the eastern and western empires against the Normans, and the other from Cerularius.[12] On the refusal of Cerularius to accept the demand, the leader of the legation, Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, O.S.B., excommunicated him, and in return Cerularius excommunicated Humbert and the other legates.