what factors led to medieval Britain's establishment?(no cppied answers)
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The period in which the universities arose is often termed the "twelfth-century Renaissance." This period was marked by a rise of trade, especially in the Hanseatic League in Northern Europe and the great Italian trading cities such as Venice and Florence in the south. The Crusades also resulted in substantial contacts with other cultures (Byzantine and Islamic) as well as an increase in wealth, with looting the fabled riches of the east being as important a motivation for many Crusaders as plenary indulgences. The growth of large towns and cities, need for more members of the clergy to serve increased populations, and the increased wealth and complexity of the Papal bureaucracy also required a greater number of educated people, including a group of professors at a tertiary level who could instruct future teachers.
The organization of universities was initially mobile and informal. Groups of teachers began to charge pupils for advanced training. The masters and students together formed the university. As these informal associations grew, they began to operate in fixed locales and eventually became licensed and regulated by both the Church and local rulers. They were organized into faculties, specializing in different areas of education, including theology, law, and medicine.
Much of the new learning taught in the universities was actually a revival of classical learning newly rediscovered through contact with Muslims in Spain (especially Toledo) and Byzantium. Many works of ancient Greek that had been lost to the west were initially rediscovered in in Arabic translation and read with the aid of the Islamic commentary tradition.
The organization of universities was initially mobile and informal. Groups of teachers began to charge pupils for advanced training. The masters and students together formed the university. As these informal associations grew, they began to operate in fixed locales and eventually became licensed and regulated by both the Church and local rulers. They were organized into faculties, specializing in different areas of education, including theology, law, and medicine.
Much of the new learning taught in the universities was actually a revival of classical learning newly rediscovered through contact with Muslims in Spain (especially Toledo) and Byzantium. Many works of ancient Greek that had been lost to the west were initially rediscovered in in Arabic translation and read with the aid of the Islamic commentary tradition.
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