Question

What forced Humayun to flee to Iran ?

Answer 1

Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad[1] (Persian: نصیرالدین محمد‬‎, translit. Nasīr-ad-Dīn Muhammad; 6 March 1508 – 27 January 1556), better known by his regnal name, Humayun (Persian: همایون‬‎, translit. Humāyūn), was the second emperor of the Mughal Empire, who ruled over territory in what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India and Bangladesh from 1530–1540 and again from 1555–1556. Like his father, Babur, he lost his kingdom early but regained it with the aid of the Safavid dynasty of Persia, with additional territory. At the time of his death in 1556, the Mughal Empire spanned almost one million square kilometres.

Nasir-ud-din Muhammad
نصیرالدین محمد‬ همایون‬Badshah of the Mughal Empire
HumayunCoronation29 December 1530, Agra2nd Mughal emperorReign26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540PredecessorBaburSuccessorSher Shah Suri (as Sur Emperor)2nd Mughal emperorReign22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556PredecessorSikandar Shah Suri (as Sur Emperor)SuccessorAkbarBornNasir-ud-Din Muḥammad[1]
6 March 1508
Kabul (present-day Afghanistan)Died27 January 1556(aged 47)
Delhi, Mughal Empire(present-day India)Burial

Humayun's Tomb, Delhi

ConsortBega BegumWivesSeveral, including:
Hamida Banu Begum
Mah Chuchak Begum[2]
Khanish Aghacha
Gunwar Bibi[3]
Mewa Jan[4]
Chand Bibi
Shad BibiIssueAl-aman Mirza
Akbar
Mirza Muhammad Hakim
Ibrahim Sultan Mirza
Farrukh-Fal Mirza
Aqiqa Sultan Begum
Bakshi Banu Begum
Jahan Sultan Begum
Bakht-un-Nissa Begum
Sakina Banu Begum
Amina Banu BegumFull nameNasir-ud-Din Muḥammad[1]HouseBarlas TimuridFatherBaburMotherMaham BegumReligionSunni Islam

In December 1530, Humayun succeeded his father to the throne of Delhi as ruler of the Mughal territories in the Indian subcontinent. At the age of 22, Humayun was an inexperienced ruler when he came to power. His half-brother Kamran Mirza inherited Kabuland Lahore, the northernmost parts of their father's empire. Mirza was to become a bitter rival of Humayun.

Humayun lost Mughal territories to Sher Shah Suri, but regained them 15 years later with Safavid aid. Humayun's return from Persia was accompanied by a large retinue of Persian noblemen and signalled an important change in Mughal court culture. The Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian art, architecture, language and literature. There are many stone carvings and thousands of Persian manuscripts in India dating from the time of Humayun.

Subsequently, Humayun further expanded the Empire in a very short time, leaving a substantial legacy for his son, Akbar.