Question

What geographical factors affect the evolution of organisms

Answer 1

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Changes in the topography of the earth often drive speciation. For example:

uplift of mountain ranges
rising or falling sea levels
opening of new ocean basins and channels or closing of old ones due to the movement of continental plates
changes from forest to grassland, or vice versa, due to changing climate
changes in weather patterns

All of these events can erect barriers in the middle of a species’ range, splitting one population into two separate populations that can no longer interbreed with each other. This inevitably causes the two populations to diverge from each other to form separate species.

On the other hand, all of these events can also open up previous barriers and let a species expand into new environments, where it often finds ecological niches that are unfilled and available to it. Adaptation to these new environments and new niches then creates a new species separate from the ancestral population.

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Answer 2

Factors affecting the evolution of organisms are: chznge in climatic conditions, change in life style, change in food habits, change in adaptation, etc.