What happens to WBC and RBC of blood in the ultra filtration?
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Answer:
Blood filtration is performed by hemodialysis membranes, leukocyte removal filter, and plasma separation membranes.
Blood is composed of plasma solution and blood cells. Several valuable proteins such as immunoglobulin, factor VIII, factor IX, albumin, vitronectin, etc. are contained in plasma solution. Blood cells are erythrocytes (RBC, red blood cells), lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and NK (natural killer) cells), monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, megakaryocytes/platelets and dendritic cells, and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs are found in the bone marrow of adults, which includes femurs, hip, ribs, sternum, and other bones.
In hemodialysis, the patient’s blood is pumped through the blood compartment of a dialyzer, exposing it to a dialysis membrane. The dialyzer is composed of thousands of tiny synthetic hollow fibers. The fiber wall acts as the semipermeable membrane. Blood flows through the fibers, dialysis solution flows around the outside of the fibers, and water and wastes move between these two solutions. The cleansed blood is then returned via the circuit back to the body. Ultrafiltration occurs by increasing the hydrostatic pressure across the dialyzer membrane. This usually is done by applying a negative pressure to the dialysate compartment of the dialyzer. This pressure gradient causes water and dissolved solutes to move from blood to dialysate and allows the removal of several liters of excess fluid during a typical 3- to 5-h treatment. Hemodialysis treatments are typically given in a dialysis center three times per week.
Hemodialysis membranes are typically prepared from cellulose materials or polysulfone-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-blended materials. Cellulose is hydrophilic and can be used as a hemocompatible material, whereas polysulfone is one of engineering plastics and needs to add a hydrophilic and hemocompatible material as a blending material. PVP shows relatively good hemocompatibility, and a more important fact is that PVP can be blended well with polysulfone. PVP is also used as a porogen in dialysis membranes of polysulfone. There is a recent demand for hemodialysis membranes that remove the low molecular weight proteins such as β2-myoglobin (MW 11500) and endotoxin (subunit of MW = 5,000–20,000), and useful albumin in the plasma should be recovered by the membranes. Polysulfone hollow fibers blended with PVP have been widely used as suitable hemodialysis membranes which satisfy this requirement (Higuchi et al
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