what happens when glass object are kept buried for a very long time?
Answers
Most silicate-based glasses are rich in alkali and alkaline-earth oxides, used as fluxes to lower the melting temperature and viscosity of the glass-forming mixture. As a consequence, these glasses may undergo substantial alteration phenomena involving chemical reaction with water notably in the vapor state, which can impinge on their long-term stability, a matter of concern in the fields of cultural heritage1 and of nuclear disposal2.
This paper only focuses on the alteration of glass induced by water in vapor state in unsaturated vapor conditions, i.e., when the relative humidity (RH) is strictly below 100%. To avoid repetitions and lighten the text, the terms “unsaturated atmosphere”, “humid atmosphere”, “unsaturated humidity”, and “atmospheric conditions” are also used. They all refer to the unsaturated vapor conditions. In parallel, the terms “liquid water”, “aqueous conditions”, and “immersion” all refer to the alteration of glass in contact with liquid water or with vapor at 100 RH% (because of the equilibrium with liquid water in this condition). We avoided using the term “weathering” that is defined as glass alteration due to intermittent water, humid air, and/or water contact 3), encompassing alteration steps in liquid conditions or at 100 RH%.
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