Question

What impact did the Crusades have on Jews and Muslims in Europe?

Answer 1

Some historians have seen the Crusades as a watershed event in Jewish history, marking the beginning of the deterioration of Jewish life in Europe in the Middle Ages. Other historians are skeptical of this claim and see other factors at work in the change in Jewish status. An examination of Jewish anti-Christian polemical literature reveals that the Crusades had an impact on the debate in three contexts:

1) the lack of consensus omnium that Christianity is the only true religion;

2) the lack of world peace as perceived by constant Christian wars; and

3) the Jewish willingness to undergo martyrdom as proof of the truth of Judaism. Nevertheless, the Crusades do not play a major role in the Jewish-Christian debate. From this fact it is possible to conclude that contemporary Jews did not perceive the Crusades as a major factor in their lives, and that the Jewish-Christian debate transcends particular historical events.

Answer 2

Answer:

• an increased presence of Christians in the Levant during the Middle Ages.
• the development of military orders.
• a polarisation of the East and West based on religious differences.
• the specific application of religious goals to warfare in the Levant, Iberian peninsula, and Baltic region, in particular.
• the increased role and prestige of the popes and the Catholic Church in secular affairs.
• the souring of relations between the West and the Byzantine Empire leading, ultimately, to the latter’s destruction.
• an increase in the power of the royal houses of Europe.
• a stronger collective cultural identity in Europe.
• an increase in xenophobia and intolerance between Christians and Muslims, and between Christians and Jews, heretics and pagans.
• an increase in international trade and exchange of ideas and technology.
• an increase in the power of such Italian states as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa.
• the appropriation of many Christian relics to Europe.
• the use of a religious historical precedent to justify colonialism, warfare and terrorism.

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