Question

what is a shadow zone and why is it formed on the surface of the earth​

Answer 1

The shadow zone is the area of the earth from angular distances of 104 to 140 degrees from a given earthquake that does not receive any direct P waves. The shadow zone results from S waves being stopped entirely by the liquid core and P waves being bent (refracted) by the liquid core.
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Answer 2

The shadow zone results from S waves being stopped entirely by the liquid core and P waves being bent (refracted) by the liquid core. ... Through measuring how P and S waves travel through the earth and out the other side, a seismic wave shadow zone was discovered in about 1910

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