What is amoeba? Tell in detail
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An amoeba, sometimes written as "ameba", is a term generally used to describe a single celled eukaryotic organism that has no definate shape and that moves by means of pseudopodia. ... The cytoplasm of an amoeba contains the organelles and is enclosed by a cell membrane.
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Amoeba Definition
An amoeba is a highly motile eukaryotic, unicellular organism. Typically belonging to the kingdom protozoa, it moves in an “amoeboid” fashion. As such, microbiologists often use the term “amoeboid”, to refer to a specific type of movement and amoebae interchangeably. Interestingly, amoebae are not a distinct taxonomic group and are, instead, characterized based on their “amoeboid” movement rather than distinct morphological characteristics. Moreover, even members of the same species can appear dissimilar. Amebae species can be found in all major eukaryotic lineages, including fungi, algae, and even animals.
Amoebae contain an endoplasm that is granular in nature. This granular endoplasm contains the nucleus and various engulfed food vacuoles. In addition, amoebae are eukaryotic by definition and possess a unique nucleus that contains a central karyosome with a thin layer of beaded chromatin coating the inner nuclear membrane; however, unlike many eukaryotes, amoebae are anaerobic. Thus, amoebae contain no mitochondria and generate ATP exclusively via anaerobic means.
Amoebas can be classified as free-living and parasitic. Parasitic amoebas are ubiquitous and often parasitize higher vertebrates and invertebrates alike. Only a limited number of amoeba species are capable of infecting humans, and typically invade the intestine. Specifically, only Entamoebahistolytica represents a true human pathogen, which infects the gastrointestinal tract. A second gut pathogen, Dientamoeba fragilis, is commonly mistaken as an amoeba owing to its similar morphology under a light microscope. Indeed, D. fragilis was originally misclassified as an amoeba; however, modern methods have identified it as a nonflagellate trichomonad parasite. Interestingly, some free-living amoebas can cause opportunistic infections in humans, leading to eye infections, as well as various neurological, and cutaneous (skin) infections.
Amoeba Movement
As a class of organism, amoebae are defined by their unique movement patterns. This movement strategy produces forward movement via the following three steps:
“ballooning” the plasma membrane forward. This distinct rearrangement is known as a pseudopodium or “false foot”, which is very similar in nature to that of the lamellipodium generated in higher vertebrates;
the pseudopodium attaches to the substrate, and is filled with cytosol;
the rear portion of the amoeba releases its attachment to the substrate and is propelled forward.
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