What is brain drain . Draw a table of positive and negative impacts of brain drain (give three points)
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Brain drain is a slang term indicating substantial emigration or migration of individuals. A brain drain can result from turmoil within a nation, the existence of favorable professional opportunities in other countries, or from a desire to seek a higher standard of living. In addition to occurring geographically, brain drain may occur at the organizational or industrial levels when workers perceive better pay, benefits, or upward mobility within another company or industry.
Negative and positive effects of the brain drain
The migration of highly skilled professionals has some negative effects on affected countries of emigration. However, these migration flows can also have positive effects where countries of origin benefit in other ways – primarily from remittances, but also sometimes from technical assistance – from the outflow of highly skilled professionals residing and working elsewhere.
Brain drain is one of the earliest phenomena associated with globalisation, which has significant adverse effects at the local level. The departure of skilled workers can weaken developing countries, especially smaller ones, by depriving them of important skills and workforce. This can prevent or limit innovation, business growth and national development.
Development can be particularly impeded by the outflow of professionals in the health, education and agricultural sectors. The impact varies based on the demographics and level of development of countries.
Brain drain is also criticised for producing a fiscal burden on the country of origin as it loses out on the skills of a publicly trained and educated workforce.
It is argued that brain drain robs poorer nations of research and innovation potential, thereby limiting the growth and development of local academic teaching and research institutions, as well as other public sector institutions. With fewer skilled migrants, developing countries might also benefit from fewer investments, further entrenching this problem.
Research on migration patterns between the 1960s and 1990s indicates that high levels of skilled migration contributed to slowing the economic growth and development of sending countries, increasing inequality and poverty.
However, a 2015 World Bank report on African doctors argues that this fiscal burden is often exaggerated. Looking at the migration patterns of African doctors and where they were trained, this study found that the complexity of individual migrants’ education and trajectories belies a simple situation where highly skilled migrants are trained in their country of origin and immediately after graduating leave to work in the country of destination.
This schema does not accurately depict actual migration patterns where migrants are born in country A, educated in country B and live and work in country C.
Furthermore, this report also found that not all highly skilled migrants educated in their country of origin left immediately after graduation, implying that countries can sometimes benefit from this group before they emigrate.
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