Question

what is cell membrane

Answer 1

The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles.
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Answer 2

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The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out. It also serves as a base of attachment for the cytoskeleton in some organisms and the cell wall in others. Thus the cell membrane also serves to help support the cell and help maintain its shape.

Another function of the membrane is to regulate cell growth through the balance of endocytosis and exocytosis. In endocytosis, lipids and proteins are removed from the cell membrane as substances are internalized. In exocytosis, vesicles containing lipids and proteins fuse with the cell membrane increasing cell size. Animal cells, plant cells, prokaryotic cells, and fungal cells have plasma membranes. Internal organelles are also encased by membranes.

$\underline{Cell Membrane structure}$

The cell membrane is primarily composed of a mix of proteins and lipids. Depending on the membrane’s location and role in the body, lipids can make up anywhere from 20 to 80 percent of the membrane, with the remainder being proteins. While lipids help to give membranes their flexibility, proteins monitor and maintain the cell's chemical climate and assist in the transfer of molecules across the membrane.

$\underline{Cell Membrane Lipids}$

Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes. Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer in which their hydrophilic (attracted to water) head areas spontaneously arrange to face the aqueous cytosol and the extracellular fluid, while their hydrophobic (repelled by water) tail areas face away from the cytosol and extracellular fluid. The lipid bilayer is semi-permeable, allowing only certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane.

Cholesterol is another lipid component of animal cell membranes. Cholesterol molecules are selectively dispersed between membrane phospholipids. This helps to keep cell membranes from becoming stiff by preventing phospholipids from being too closely packed together. Cholesterol is not found in the membranes of plant cells.

Glycolipids are located on cell membrane surfaces and have a carbohydrate sugar chain attached to them. They help the cell to recognize other cells of the body.

$\underline{Eukaryotic Cell Structures}$

The cell membrane is only one component of a cell. The following cell structures can also be found in a typical animal eukaryotic cell:

Centrioles - help to organize the assembly of microtubules.

Chromosomes - house cellular DNA.

Cilia and Flagella - aid in cellular locomotion.

Endoplasmic Reticulum - synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids.

Golgi Apparatus - manufactures, stores and ships certain cellular products.

Lysosomes - digest cellular macromolecules.

Mitochondria - provide energy for the cell.

Nucleus - controls cell growth and reproduction.

Peroxisomes - detoxify alcohol, form bile acid, and use oxygen to break down fats.

Ribosomes - responsible for protein production via translation.

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