What is Charaidu. Give a short description of charaidu
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RENTS, WAGES, AND PRICES 5
the bullocks, and the other to empty the bag when it has arrived at the
top of the well. The Persian wheel is also occasionally used. Where
water is near the surface, it is raised in a supde or charaidu. The former
is a rectangular vessel with a rope on each side, worked by two men,
who simply scoop the water up. The charaidu is a vessel with its
length greater than its breadth, and having one end broader than the
other. It is fixed on a pivot, and the broad end is lowered into the
water and then raised, so that the water flows down. The average cost
of a masonry well varies from Rs. 200 to Rs. 2,000, while that of an
unbricked well varies from Rs. io to Rs. 35, according to the depth
of spring-level. The total irrigated area is estimated at 184,283 acres.
In addition to the land revenue, a cess is levied on irrigation. This
takes different forms. In some tracts the cess is levied at varying rates
according to the depth of subsoil water. In others all land round
a well is charged, while sometimes the rate is paid on the well itself as
long as it is used for irrigation. The nominal demand is about 2-7 lakhs,
but scarcely half this sum is recovered.
The greater part of the State is held on r3,otwri tenure, and the
payments made by the cultivators are thus revenue rather than rent.
Holders of large areas, however, being unable or
unwilling to cultivate the whole of their land them- and prices.
selves, sublet to others at the highest rates they can
obtain. In prosperous years the rents thus paid are sometimes double
or treble the State assessment on the land. Persons holding on the
narva, bhagddr, or bhdrkhali tenures, described below under Land
Revenue (p. 64), also collect rent from the actual cultivators. In all these
cases rent is sometimes paid in kind, at the rate of one-third or one-
half of the crop grown.
Among skilled labourers the carpenter earns the highest wages. At
Baroda his daily pay varies from io annas to a rupee or more, while
elsewhere he receives from 8 to 12 annas. A blacksmith gets from
o1 to 13 annas a day at Baroda, and 6 to 9 annas in other parts of
the State. A mason can earn daily at Baroda from 10 to 14 annas,
or from 8 to 12 annas outside the city. The rates for other classes
of skilled labour vary from 4 to 6 annas. The wages of agricultural
labour are fairly uniform throughout the State, varying from 3 to
4 annas a day. Labourers who work as porters earn similar amounts,
but at Baroda and other important places which have railway stations
their earnings often exceed 8 annas. The wages of other labourers
vary from 2 to 3 annas a day.
Payment of wages in kind still prevails, especially in villages. Agri-
cultural labourers who are permanent servants are provided by their
masters with food, clothing, &c., and a small annual cash payment.
Casual labour, at the time of weeding and harvest, is in some places
E 2
the bullocks, and the other to empty the bag when it has arrived at the
top of the well. The Persian wheel is also occasionally used. Where
water is near the surface, it is raised in a supde or charaidu. The former
is a rectangular vessel with a rope on each side, worked by two men,
who simply scoop the water up. The charaidu is a vessel with its
length greater than its breadth, and having one end broader than the
other. It is fixed on a pivot, and the broad end is lowered into the
water and then raised, so that the water flows down. The average cost
of a masonry well varies from Rs. 200 to Rs. 2,000, while that of an
unbricked well varies from Rs. io to Rs. 35, according to the depth
of spring-level. The total irrigated area is estimated at 184,283 acres.
In addition to the land revenue, a cess is levied on irrigation. This
takes different forms. In some tracts the cess is levied at varying rates
according to the depth of subsoil water. In others all land round
a well is charged, while sometimes the rate is paid on the well itself as
long as it is used for irrigation. The nominal demand is about 2-7 lakhs,
but scarcely half this sum is recovered.
The greater part of the State is held on r3,otwri tenure, and the
payments made by the cultivators are thus revenue rather than rent.
Holders of large areas, however, being unable or
unwilling to cultivate the whole of their land them- and prices.
selves, sublet to others at the highest rates they can
obtain. In prosperous years the rents thus paid are sometimes double
or treble the State assessment on the land. Persons holding on the
narva, bhagddr, or bhdrkhali tenures, described below under Land
Revenue (p. 64), also collect rent from the actual cultivators. In all these
cases rent is sometimes paid in kind, at the rate of one-third or one-
half of the crop grown.
Among skilled labourers the carpenter earns the highest wages. At
Baroda his daily pay varies from io annas to a rupee or more, while
elsewhere he receives from 8 to 12 annas. A blacksmith gets from
o1 to 13 annas a day at Baroda, and 6 to 9 annas in other parts of
the State. A mason can earn daily at Baroda from 10 to 14 annas,
or from 8 to 12 annas outside the city. The rates for other classes
of skilled labour vary from 4 to 6 annas. The wages of agricultural
labour are fairly uniform throughout the State, varying from 3 to
4 annas a day. Labourers who work as porters earn similar amounts,
but at Baroda and other important places which have railway stations
their earnings often exceed 8 annas. The wages of other labourers
vary from 2 to 3 annas a day.
Payment of wages in kind still prevails, especially in villages. Agri-
cultural labourers who are permanent servants are provided by their
masters with food, clothing, &c., and a small annual cash payment.
Casual labour, at the time of weeding and harvest, is in some places
E 2
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