What is cloning? Explain in brief the process of cloning with an example?
Answers
Cloning
It is a type of asexual reproduction which involves the creation of an exact copy of a biological entity.
*Cloning involves the process of forming a cell or a complete individual from a body cell.
*A clone is created by inserting the complete genetic material of a regular body cell from a donor into a recipient.
*Cloning is done in many animals including sheep, cattle, pigs etc. But for the first time cloning of sheep was successful in producing a clone of the parent sheep.
Let us observe the process of cloning with an example
Cloning in sheep
Dolly was the first cloned mammal, and is genetically identical to its parent sheep.
*Sir Ian Wilmut from Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland created Dolly.
*Egg from A was taken and enucleated.
*Nucleus of a body cell was selected from B and was injected into enucleated cell of A.
*This new cell of A with nucleus from B is placed into womb of A.
*It developed into a normal baby sheep which was named as Dolly.
*Dolly was found to be exactly similar to B from which nucleus was taken.
*Dolly was termed to be a 'Clone' and the process was referred to as 'Cloning'.
*Dolly was developed from the cell of A and in the womb of A. But she resembled B which donated the nucleus.
*Cloning involves certain abnormalities. Dolly suffered from arthritis. Dolly also was suspected to have developed lung tumour.
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Answer:
1) Cloning:
Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially. In nature, many organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction. Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cells or DNA fragments (molecular cloning). Beyond biology, the term refers to the production of multiple copies of digital media or software.
2) Cloning in nature:
Cloning happens often in nature—for example, when a cell replicates itself asexually without any genetic alteration or recombination. Prokaryotic organisms (organisms lacking a cell nucleus) such as bacteria create genetically identical duplicates of themselves using binary fission or budding. In eukaryotic organisms (organisms possessing a cell nucleus) such as humans, all the cells that undergo mitosis, such as skin cells and cells lining the gastrointestinal tract, are clones; the only exceptions are gametes (eggs and sperm), which undergo meiosis and genetic recombination.
3) Two historic events in picture attachment:
A) Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. The clone of was produced at the Roslin Institute, near Edinburgh in 2003. Dolly's first lamb was Bonnie.
B) South Korean cloning and stem cell researcher Hwang Woo Suk (left) and Gerald Schatten of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine with Snuppy, the first successfully cloned dog in 2005.
