What is composite fish culture? write one advantage and one disadvantage of composite fish culture . how we can overcome with the disadvantage?
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Fish farming or pisciculture involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures such as fish ponds, usually for food. It is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species produced in fish farming are carp, tilapia, salmon, and catfish.

Salmon farming in the sea (mariculture) at Loch Ainort, Isle of Skye
Demand is increasing for fish and fish protein, which has resulted in widespread overfishingin wild fisheries. China provides 62% of the world's farmed fish. As of 2016, more than 50% of seafood was produced by aquaculture.
Farming carnivorous fish, such as salmon, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries. Carnivorous farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage fish. The 2008 global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO totaled 33.8 million tonnes worth about $US 60 billion.
Major species
More information: Top 15 cultured fish species by weight in millions of tonnes, according to FAO statistics for 2013 [1], Species …
See also: List of commercially important fish species
Categories
Aquaculture makes use of local photosynthetic production (extensive) or fish that are fed with external food supply (intensive).
Extensive aquaculture
Aqua-Boy, a Norwegian live fish carrier used to serve the Marine Harvest fish farms on the west coast of Scotland
Growth is limited by available food, commonly zooplankton feeding on pelagic algae or benthic animals, such as crustaceans and mollusks. Tilapia filter feed directly on phytoplankton, which makes higher production possible. Photosynthetic production can be increased by fertilizingpond water with artificial fertilizer mixtures, such as potash, phosphorus, nitrogen, and microelements.
Another issue is the risk of algal blooms. When temperatures, nutrient supply, and available sunlight are optimal for algal growth, algae multiply at an exponential rate, eventually exhausting nutrients and causing a subsequent die-off in fish. The decaying algal biomass depletes the oxygen in the pond water because it blocks out the sun and pollutes it with organic and inorganic solutes (such as ammonium ions), which can (and frequently do) lead to massive loss of fish.
An alternate option is to use a wetland system, such as that of Veta la Palma in Spain.
To tap all available food sources in the pond, the aquaculturist chooses fish species that occupy different places in the pond ecosystem, e.g., a filter algae feeder such as tilapia, a benthic feeder such as carp or [catfish, and a zooplankton feeder (various carps) or submerged weeds feeder such as grass carp.
Despite these limitations, significant fish farming industries use these methods. In the Czech Republic, thousands of natural and semi-natural ponds are harvested each year for trout and carp. The large ponds around Trebon built from around 1650 are still in use.[citation needed]
Intensive aquaculture
Optimal water parameters for cold- and warm-water fish in intensive aquacultureAciditypH 6-9Arsenic<440 µg/lAlkalinity>20 mg/l (as CaCO3)Aluminum<0.075 mg/lAmmonia (non-ionized)<O.O2mg/lCadmium<0.0005 mg/l in soft water;
<0.005 mg/L in hard waterCalcium>5 mg/lCarbon dioxide<5–10 mg/lChloride>4.0 mg/lChlorine<0.003 mg/lCopper<0.0006 mg/l in soft water;
<0.03 mg/l in hard waterGas supersaturation<100% total gas pressure
(103% for salmonid eggs/fry)
(102% for lake trout)Hydrogen sulfide<0.003 mg/lIron<0.1 mg/lLead<0.02 mg/lMercury<0.0002 mg/lNitrate<1.0 mg/lNitrite<0.1 mg/lOxygen6 mg/l for coldwater fish
4 mg/l for warmwater fishSelenium<0.01 mg/lTotal dissolved solids<200 mg/lTotal suspended solids<80 NTU over ambient levelsZinc<0.005 mg/l
In these kinds of systems fish production per unit of surface can be increased at will, as long as sufficient oxygen, fresh water and food are provided. Because of the requirement of sufficient fresh water, a massive water purification system must be integrated in the fish farm. One way to achieve this is to combine hydroponic horticulture and water treatment, see below. The exception to this rule are cages which are placed in a river or sea, which supplements the fish crop with sufficient oxygenated water. Some environmentalists object to this practice.
Expressing eggs from a female rainbow trout
The cost of inputs per unit of fish weight is higher than in extensive farming, especially because of the high cost of fish feed. It must contain a much higher level of protein (up to 60%) than cattle feed and a balanced amino acid composition, as well. These higher protein-level requirements are a consequence of the higher feed efficiency of aquatic animals (higher feed conversion ratio [FCR], that is, kg of feed per kg of animal produced).
Fish farming or pisciculture involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures such as fish ponds, usually for food. It is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species produced in fish farming are carp, tilapia, salmon, and catfish.

Salmon farming in the sea (mariculture) at Loch Ainort, Isle of Skye
Demand is increasing for fish and fish protein, which has resulted in widespread overfishingin wild fisheries. China provides 62% of the world's farmed fish. As of 2016, more than 50% of seafood was produced by aquaculture.
Farming carnivorous fish, such as salmon, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries. Carnivorous farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage fish. The 2008 global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO totaled 33.8 million tonnes worth about $US 60 billion.
Major species
More information: Top 15 cultured fish species by weight in millions of tonnes, according to FAO statistics for 2013 [1], Species …
See also: List of commercially important fish species
Categories
Aquaculture makes use of local photosynthetic production (extensive) or fish that are fed with external food supply (intensive).
Extensive aquaculture
Aqua-Boy, a Norwegian live fish carrier used to serve the Marine Harvest fish farms on the west coast of Scotland
Growth is limited by available food, commonly zooplankton feeding on pelagic algae or benthic animals, such as crustaceans and mollusks. Tilapia filter feed directly on phytoplankton, which makes higher production possible. Photosynthetic production can be increased by fertilizingpond water with artificial fertilizer mixtures, such as potash, phosphorus, nitrogen, and microelements.
Another issue is the risk of algal blooms. When temperatures, nutrient supply, and available sunlight are optimal for algal growth, algae multiply at an exponential rate, eventually exhausting nutrients and causing a subsequent die-off in fish. The decaying algal biomass depletes the oxygen in the pond water because it blocks out the sun and pollutes it with organic and inorganic solutes (such as ammonium ions), which can (and frequently do) lead to massive loss of fish.
An alternate option is to use a wetland system, such as that of Veta la Palma in Spain.
To tap all available food sources in the pond, the aquaculturist chooses fish species that occupy different places in the pond ecosystem, e.g., a filter algae feeder such as tilapia, a benthic feeder such as carp or [catfish, and a zooplankton feeder (various carps) or submerged weeds feeder such as grass carp.
Despite these limitations, significant fish farming industries use these methods. In the Czech Republic, thousands of natural and semi-natural ponds are harvested each year for trout and carp. The large ponds around Trebon built from around 1650 are still in use.[citation needed]
Intensive aquaculture
Optimal water parameters for cold- and warm-water fish in intensive aquacultureAciditypH 6-9Arsenic<440 µg/lAlkalinity>20 mg/l (as CaCO3)Aluminum<0.075 mg/lAmmonia (non-ionized)<O.O2mg/lCadmium<0.0005 mg/l in soft water;
<0.005 mg/L in hard waterCalcium>5 mg/lCarbon dioxide<5–10 mg/lChloride>4.0 mg/lChlorine<0.003 mg/lCopper<0.0006 mg/l in soft water;
<0.03 mg/l in hard waterGas supersaturation<100% total gas pressure
(103% for salmonid eggs/fry)
(102% for lake trout)Hydrogen sulfide<0.003 mg/lIron<0.1 mg/lLead<0.02 mg/lMercury<0.0002 mg/lNitrate<1.0 mg/lNitrite<0.1 mg/lOxygen6 mg/l for coldwater fish
4 mg/l for warmwater fishSelenium<0.01 mg/lTotal dissolved solids<200 mg/lTotal suspended solids<80 NTU over ambient levelsZinc<0.005 mg/l
In these kinds of systems fish production per unit of surface can be increased at will, as long as sufficient oxygen, fresh water and food are provided. Because of the requirement of sufficient fresh water, a massive water purification system must be integrated in the fish farm. One way to achieve this is to combine hydroponic horticulture and water treatment, see below. The exception to this rule are cages which are placed in a river or sea, which supplements the fish crop with sufficient oxygenated water. Some environmentalists object to this practice.
Expressing eggs from a female rainbow trout
The cost of inputs per unit of fish weight is higher than in extensive farming, especially because of the high cost of fish feed. It must contain a much higher level of protein (up to 60%) than cattle feed and a balanced amino acid composition, as well. These higher protein-level requirements are a consequence of the higher feed efficiency of aquatic animals (higher feed conversion ratio [FCR], that is, kg of feed per kg of animal produced).
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disadvantage
many fish of the same breed, breed during monsoon,
even if the fish seeds are collected, it can be mixed with the other species
major problem
lack of availability of quality seeds
overcome the problem
hormonal stimulation
ensured the supply of desirable quantity of seeds
advantage
it increases the yield of fish. In a composite fish culture, five or six different species are grown together in a single fish pond. Fishes with different food habitats are chosen so that they do not compete for food among themselves
definition
In this system, of both local and imported fish, a combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fish pond. These species are selected so that they do not compete for food among them by having different types of food habitats
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