Question

what is coordinate bond with detail.. at least 400 words

Answer 1

A covalent bond is formed by two atoms sharing a pair of electrons. The atoms are held together because the electron pair is attracted by both of the nuclei.
In the formation of a simple covalent bond, each atom supplies one electron to the bond - but that doesn't have to be the case. A co-ordinate bond (also called a dative covalent bond) is a covalent bond (a shared pair of electrons) in which both electrons come from the same atom.
The reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride

If these colourless gases are allowed to mix, a thick white smoke of solid ammonium chloride is formed.

Ammonium ions, NH4+, are formed by the transfer of a hydrogen ion from the hydrogen chloride to the lone pair of electrons on the ammonia molecule.
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Answer 2

A co-ordinate bond is a type of chemical bond .

Let us start from the beginning .

A chemical bond is the force which holds two or more atoms.

A covalent bond is a bond where the difference in electronegativity of both elements is low .

An ionic or electrovalent bond is a bond which involves exchange of electrons and not sharing .

Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between two or more electrons.

Now if both the electrons in a covalent bond comes from the same atom , then the bond is said to be coordinate bond .

Coordinate bond is hence a type of covalent bond where the electrons come from the same atom .

An example is ammonia .

Ammonia has all electrons coming from hydrogen and hence it is coordinate.