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(1) PWP)
2 HNO3 (a) 6 A
(3) N2H4W ) 5
(4) H2SO4 (s) 4
(A) (1 - s), (2-0), (3-P), (4-9)
(B) (1 - 0). (2-s). (3-p), (4-)
(C) (1 - 9). (2-s), (3-1), (4-p)
(1 -s). (2-0). (3-9), (4-p)
Answers
Explanation:
Acids, bases and salts
Introduction
Almost every substance that we use in our day-to-day life could be acidic or alkaline. This depends upon the pH level, taste, colour, nature and the way in which a a given substance interact with other substances. Why do substances vary in their taste, colour, and nature? Tamarind and lemon taste similar whereas salt tastes different, why? This is because of variation in the percentage of acids, bases, and salts in their chemical composition. In our daily life, many consumer products such as milk, juices, soaps, and snacks contain these substances making them taste differently. In the past, acid, base and salt were defined based on their taste but the experimental definitions have been developed recently to define them based on their chemical nature rather than the taste alone.
Definitions
“An acid is defined as a substance whose water solution tastes sour and when blue litmus is dipped, it will turn into red”.
“A base or an alkali is characterized by its aqueous solution tastes bitter and turns red litmus into blue or it has an ability to neutralize acids to give salt and water”.
“A salt is a neutral substance whose aqueous solution does not affect the litmus”.
Acids
The word acid means sour; derived from a Latin word acidus or acere. They are identified majorly on their sour taste. Chemically, an acid is a substance that renders ionizable hydronium ion (H3O+) when it is in the aqueous solution therefore, it turns blue litmus paper into red. For example;
Dissociation of Acids
Acids can be classified in many ways, however, depending upon their occurrence, they are classified as natural and mineral acids. Natural acids are obtained from natural sources like plant and animal products, and they are not synthetic in nature . For e.g. lactic, citric, and tartaric acid etc. On the other hand, mineral acids are those prepared from minerals. For example, Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4), Hydrochloric acid (HCl), and nitric acid (HNO3) .
Bases
Bases are characterized by their bitter taste and soapy feel. A base releases a hydroxyl ion(OH–) in its aqueous solution. Bases turn the red litmus paper into to blue when dipped.
Acid base salt solutions
Some naturally occurring acids and bases
1. Acetic acid (CH3CO2H)is produced through bacterial fermentation used in the production of vinegar and also as a solvent.
lemon.
3. Formic acid (HCOOH) can be found in the stings of ants and bees. It is used for a variety of purposes such as esterification and food preservation.
4. Lactic acid (C3H6O3) is released by muscles during exercise. It is also an ingredient of milk products such as yoghurt and cheeses.
5.
Differences between acids and bases
Acids
Bases
Acids taste sour
Bases are bitter
An acid turns blue litmus into red colour.
A base turns red litmus into blue colour.
An ideal example of an acid is Hydrochloric acid HCl.
The most commonly found base is Sodium hydroxide NaOH.
The strength of an acid Relies on the concentration of the hydrogen ions.
The strength of the base depends upon the concentration of the hydroxide ions( OH).
An acid is influenced by the temperature making them look-like either solid, liquid or in the form of gas depending upon the degree of heat.
These may feel slippery and solid in nature with an exception being ammonia as it is gaseous.
Acids would release hydrogen ions (h+) when mixed with water.
The dissociation in the base is characterized by the release of hydroxide ions(OH-) when mixed with water.
pH of acid is less than 7
pH of a base is more than 7
Acids, when dissolved in water, doesn’t cause any change in the colour of water
When bases are dissolved in water, the water turns pink.
Common examples: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Nitric acid (HNO3), Carbonic acid (H2CO3).
Examples: Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Acid-Base Indicators
Acid-Base indicators are also known as pH indicators. Acid-base indicators are weak acids or bases, which when dissolved in water dissociate slightly to form ions.
Name of the Indicator
If you mix acid
If you mix base
Blue litmus solution
Turns to red
Red litmus solution
No change
Turns to blue
Turmeric
No change
Turns to red
Methyl orange
Turns to red
Turns to yellow
Salts
Salts are neutral in nature. A salt is formed when an acid and a base are combined. A salt contains both the cations(+) and anions(-) in an equal proportion. In its natural form, salt can be crystalline or amorphous( powdery). Salts contain two groups of ions with a positively charged (H+) and negatively charged (OH-). In our day-to-day life, there are a lot of items that we use as salts. The chemical formula of common salt is NaCl ( Sodium Chloride). The pH of salt is neutral I,e 7( neither acidic nor alkaline).
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