what is elections what are the different levels at which elections are held in India?
answer my questions in long word
Answers
Answer:
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office.
The universal use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens, where the Elections were not used were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortition, also known as allotment, by which officeholders were chosen by lot.
Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems. Psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections (especially with a view to predicting future results).Election is the fact of electing, or being elected.
To elect means "to select or make a decision", and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections, especially in the United States.
The 2019 Indian General Election will be held in 7 phases from 11 April 2019 to 19 May 2019 to constitute the 17th Lok Sabha.
Election Types in India:
There are 4 types of Elections that are being conducted in the Republic of India. These include General Elections (Lok sabha), State Assembly Elections, Rajya sabha Elections (upper House) and Local Body Elections. Let’s discuss these in detail now.
Election Types in India
1) General Elections (Lok sabha)
Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India’s Parliament are elected directly by voting. The candidate is chosen from a set of candidates who participate for elections in their respective constituencies.
Every adult citizen of India can vote from their concerned constituency.
Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called ‘Member of Parliament’ and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers.
This election takes place once in 5 years to elect 543 members for the Parliament (Lower house).
A party needs 272 MPs to hold a claim to form the Central Government.
Leader of the party/alliance takes oath as the Prime Minister.
2) State Assembly Elections
Members of State Legislative Assemblies are elected directly by voting. These are elected from a set of candidates who participate in their respective constituencies.
Every adult citizen of India can vote from their concerned constituency.
Candidates who win the State Legislative Assemblies Elections are called ‘Member of Legislative Assembly’.
The Elected Candidates hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the Governor.
Total strength of each assembly depends on each State, mostly based on size and population.
The leader of the majority party/alliance takes oath as Chief Minister of the State.
3) Rajya Sabha Elections (Upper House)
Candidates for Rajya Sabha (also known as the Council of States) or the upper house of India’s Parliament are not elected directly by the citizens.
The members of Rajya Sabha are elected by those candidates who have already won the Lok Sabha elections or who were nominated by the President of India at his discretion.
Each member of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha get a tenure of six years but one third of the members change every two years.
Rajya Sabha acts as a second level review body during the procedure of converting a bill into an act.
The Constitution of India however places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas.
4) Local Body Elections
For Local Body Elections, representatives are directly elected by the concerned people for a smaller geographical area.
The different types of local bodies include Corporations, Municipalities, Panchayats, etc.
Election Types in India – Referendums & Plebiscites
“A referendum can be called a plebiscite or ballot question in which the electorate is given
the choice of accepting or rejecting a certain proposal. Amendments to the Constitution,
adopting a new Constitution, recalling elected persons, and more like this are examples of
a referendum. Referendums can be called direct democracy where the society has
a direct role in the particular proposals.”
By and large, a Referendum or Plebiscite is a vote on a question.
In this system of voting, the electorate is given a question and they are asked to vote.
The winning option is then set as the public policy.
In such elections, no delegates or officials are elected. Referendums and Plebiscites are rare and are generally conducted on the very divisive issue. For example, Kashmir Issue, Separation of Catalonia, BREXIT etc.
Answer: An election is a formal group decision-making process in which a population selects an individual or a group of individuals to hold public office.
Explanation:
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for:
- President of India: The next president is chosen by an electoral college made up of elected members of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry, as well as elected members of state legislatures (Vidhan Sabha) from every state and union territory with legislatures (MLAs). The election is conducted using IRV by the proportional representation and voting is done by a secret ballot system.
- Vice President of India: The vice president is chosen indirectly by a secret ballot; the electoral college of elected and nominated legislators from both Houses of Representatives. The electoral college employs a system of proportional representation with single transferable votes. Under proportional representation, votes are cast in secret using single transferable ballots.
- Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha(upper house) and Lok Sabha(lower house): Members of Legislative Assemblies elect Rajya Sabha candidates rather than the general public, and the President of India may nominate up to 12 people for their achievements in the arts, sciences, and social services. One-third of the Rajya Sabha's members are up for reelection every two years, with MPs serving six-year terms.
Voters above the age of 18 in India cast ballots to select one of the many candidates standing for each local seat in the Lok Sabha (House of the People). Only their constituency is accessible to Indian adults. The "Members of Parliament" who prevail in the Lok Sabha elections hold office for five years or until the President, acting on the advice of the cabinet, dissolves the body. Elections are held to select the 543 Lok Sabha members once every five years (Lower house).
- Members of State Legislative Councils The Parliament of India has the right to create or dissolve a state's State Legislative Council provided that state's legislature accepts a resolution with a special majority, according to Article 169 of the Indian Constitution. The State Legislative Council has limited powers under the Indian Constitution. The State Legislative Council does not have the authority to constitute or dissolve a state government.
- Members of State Legislative Assemblies (includes legislative assemblies of three union territories - Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir): Members of the State Legislative Assembly are elected by direct vote from a field of candidates in each constituency. Indian adults can only access their constituency. The elected members of State Legislative Assemblies are known as "Members of Legislative Assembly" (MLAs), and they serve terms of five years or until the Governor dissolves the body.
- Members of local governance bodies (Municipal bodies and Panchayats): Municipal Corporations (Nagar Nigam) have more than one million residents, Municipal Councils (Nagar Palika) have more than 25,000 but fewer than one million residents, and Municipal Committees (Nagar Panchayats) have more than 10,000 but fewer than 25,000 residents. Gram panchayats are at the village level, mandals or block panchayats are at the block level, and zilla panchayats are at the district level. The elections are held in accordance of the town and village level.
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