Question

WHAT IS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM EXPLAIN

Answer 1

WHAT IS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM (ER)?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The endoplasmic reticulum is found in most eukaryotic cells and forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs known as cisternae (in the RER), and tubular structures in the SER. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum is not found in red blood cells or spermatozoa.

FUNCTIONS OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM:-

The Endoplasmic reticulum performs the following functions:

• It is responsible for the production and secretion of steroid hormones.
• It is also responsible for the synthesis of essential lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol.
• It is responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates.
• ER releases calcium ions, which are necessary for the nervous system and muscular system.

TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM:-

1) SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM

2) ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM

⇒ SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM:-

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Definition The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) is a membranous organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It is a subset of the endomembrane system of the endoplasmic reticulum.

STRUCTURE OF SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM:-

• The rough endoplasmic reticulum is named so because of its appearance.
• It is a series of connected flattened sacs having several ribosomes on its outer surface, hence the name.
• It synthesizes and secretes proteins in the liver, hormones, and other substances in the glands.

• Rough ER is prominent in cells where protein synthesis happens (such as hepatocytes)  

FUNCTIONS OF SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM:-

• Smooth ER is responsible for the synthesis of essential lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol.
• Smooth ER is also responsible for the production and secretion of steroid hormones.
• It is also responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates.
• The smooth ER store and release calcium ions. These are quite important for the nervous system and muscular system.

⇒ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is largely made of sheets – a two-dimensional array of flattened sacs that extend across the cytoplasm. In addition to ribosomes, these membranes contain an important protein complex called the translocon, which is necessary for protein translation within the rough ER.

STRUCTURE OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM:-

• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum, on the other hand, does not have ribosomes.
• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a tubular form.
• It participates in the production of phospholipids, the chief lipids in cell membranes, and is essential in the process of metabolism.
• Smooth ER transports the products of the rough ER to other cellular organelles, especially the Golgi apparatus

FUNCTIONS OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULAM:-

• The majority of the functions of rough ER is associated with protein synthesis.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum also plays a vital role in protein folding.
• Also ensures quality control (regarding correct protein folding).
• The second most important function after protein synthesis and protein folding is protein sorting.

Answer 2

SOLUTION:-

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The endoplasmic reticulum is found in most eukaryotic cells and forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs known as cisternae (in the RER), and tubular structures in the SER. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum is not found in red blood cells, or spermatozoa.