What is endoplasmic reticulum ??
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The endoplasmic reticulum is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flattened, membrane-bound sacs and tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is a key organelle involved in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids.
There are two main types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The RER is studded with ribosomes on its outer surface, giving it a rough appearance under a microscope. Ribosomes on the RER synthesize proteins that are destined for secretion or for insertion into the cell membrane. As the protein is synthesized, it is threaded through the RER membrane and into its lumen, where it undergoes folding and modification.
The SER, in contrast, lacks ribosomes and appears smooth under a microscope. It is involved in the synthesis of lipids, including steroids and phospholipids, and in the detoxification of drugs and toxins. The SER also plays a role in the regulation of calcium ion concentration in the cell.
The endoplasmic reticulum is connected to the nuclear envelope, which is a double membrane that encloses the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The ER and the nuclear envelope together form the endomembrane system, which is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids in the cell.