Question

what is G1 phase.......

Answer 1

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In G1 phase, cells make the decision to either progress through the restriction point and enter S phase or enter G0. These decisions are based on extracellular signals that the cell receives and on the integrity of signaling machinery that detects these signals. Deregulation of G1 progression is a frequent occurrence in cancer. This can occur through mutations or deregulated expression of CDKs, cyclins, or CKIs. Loss- or gain-of-function mutations in upstream regulators of the CDK kinases also occur in cancer. In this section, we discuss some alterations found in cell cycle regulators in cancer.

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Answer 2

Scientists refer to the stages of a cell's growth and development as the cell cycle. All nonreproductive system cells are constantly in the cell cycle, which has four parts. The M, G1, G2 and S phases are the four stages of the cell cycle; all stages besides M are said to be a part of the overall interphase process. Interphase is the process by which cells accumulate nutrients, grow and divide.

Main Functions of G1 Phase

The G1 phase is often referred to as the growth phase, because this is the time in which a cell grows. During this phase, the cell synthesizes various enzymes and nutrients that are needed later on for DNA replication and cell division. The duration of the G1 phase is variable and it often depends on the nutrients that are available to a cell. The G1 phase is also when cells produce the most proteins.

The Safeguards

Every cell has certain regulators that help monitor the growth in the cell. At the end of the G1 phase, cells have a "restriction point," which is a safeguard that ensures that protein synthesis occurred properly and the cell's DNA is intact and ready for the future stages. The specific safeguards are proteins with the name, cyclin-dependent kinases or CDK; they also initiate DNA division during the S phase of the cell cycle.

The Sub-phases

Although G1 is a phase of the cell cycle, it also has four subphases that describe its processes and functions. The four stages are competence, entry, progression and assembly. Competence refers to the process by which a cell absorbs nutrients and things from outside of the cell membrane. As these materials enter the cell in the entry subphase, they are used to help the cell grow, which takes place during the progression subphase. The assembly subphase refers to the process by which all of the materials come together in the cell to complete the G1 process and the restriction point stage.

Notation

Although the four-stage process is quite simple, the notation isn't always so clear. G1 combines the terms "gap" and "one." Thus, G1 refers to the first gap of time in the cell cycle and G2 refers to gap number two. The other phases of the cell cycle, S and M, refer to the terms "synthesis" and "mitosis," respectively. Within the G1 phase, the subphases are referred to as g1a, g1b, g1b and g1c, in the same order.