Question

what is guniting?
what is the bending moment & shear force?
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Answer 1

• Gunite refers to an artificial mixture of cement, water and sand that is applied to a mold to produce a dense hard protective layer. 

• A shear force (SF) is defined as the algebraic sum of all the vertical forces, either to the left or to the right hand side of the section.
• A bending moment (BM) is defined as the algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces either to the left or to the right of a section.