what is hindi-urdu controversy?
for 4 marks
what was two nation theory
for 4 marks
write the political contribution of sir syed ahmed khan
for 4 marks
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1 The Hindi–Urdu controversy is an ongoing dispute—dating back to the 19th century—regarding the status of Hindi and Urdu as a single language, Hindustani (lit "of Hindustan"), or as two dialects of a single language, and the establishment of a single standard language in certain areas of North India. Although this debate was officially settled by a government order in 1950, declaring Hindi as the official language, some resistance remains. The present notion among some Muslims about this dispute is that Hindus abandoned the Urdu language, whereas some Hindus claim that Urdu was artificially created during Muslim rule.
2 The two-nation theory is the ideology that the primary identity and unifying denominator of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather than their language or ethnicity, and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, regardless of ethnic or other commonalities.[1][2] The two-nation theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement (i.e. the ideology of Pakistan as a Muslim nation-state in South Asia), and the partition of India in 1947.[3]
The ideology that religion is the determining factor in defining the nationality of Indian Muslims was undertaken by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who termed it as the awakening of Muslims for the creation of Pakistan.[4] It is also a source of inspiration to several Hindu nationalist organisations, with causes as varied as the redefinition of Indian Muslims as non-Indian foreigners and second-class citizens in India, the expulsion of all Muslimsfrom India, establishment of a legally Hindu state in India, prohibition of conversions to Islam, and the promotion of conversions or reconversions of Indian Muslims to Hinduism
3 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was fully aware of the fact that the formation of National Government in a multinational country like India was neither feasible nor possible. If it will happen, it will actually be a government of majority.
The Muslims in India were in minority while the Hindus were in majority therefore; National Government means was nothing but the government of majority or in other words, the government of Hindus and the slavery of Muslims. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, in this light, advised the Muslims not to join Indian Congress.
This was the foresightedness and right leadership of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan that Muslims, following the advice, adopted the policy to detach them from the Congress, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan said that the Muslims were quite a different nation than the Hindus society, economically, politically and religiously.
2 The two-nation theory is the ideology that the primary identity and unifying denominator of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather than their language or ethnicity, and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, regardless of ethnic or other commonalities.[1][2] The two-nation theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement (i.e. the ideology of Pakistan as a Muslim nation-state in South Asia), and the partition of India in 1947.[3]
The ideology that religion is the determining factor in defining the nationality of Indian Muslims was undertaken by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who termed it as the awakening of Muslims for the creation of Pakistan.[4] It is also a source of inspiration to several Hindu nationalist organisations, with causes as varied as the redefinition of Indian Muslims as non-Indian foreigners and second-class citizens in India, the expulsion of all Muslimsfrom India, establishment of a legally Hindu state in India, prohibition of conversions to Islam, and the promotion of conversions or reconversions of Indian Muslims to Hinduism
3 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was fully aware of the fact that the formation of National Government in a multinational country like India was neither feasible nor possible. If it will happen, it will actually be a government of majority.
The Muslims in India were in minority while the Hindus were in majority therefore; National Government means was nothing but the government of majority or in other words, the government of Hindus and the slavery of Muslims. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, in this light, advised the Muslims not to join Indian Congress.
This was the foresightedness and right leadership of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan that Muslims, following the advice, adopted the policy to detach them from the Congress, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan said that the Muslims were quite a different nation than the Hindus society, economically, politically and religiously.
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The disagreement over which language should be designated as the nation's official tongue, Hindi or Urdu, gave rise to the Hindi-Urdu issue in colonial India in the 19th century. Following gaining independence from the British Empire, the Indian subcontinent was strongly affected by the two-nation theory, a religious nationalist concept. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was one of the early innovators who understood the need of education in empowering the underprivileged and backward Muslim population.
Explanation:
- The government officially recognized Hindi and Urdu as having equal status in 1900 by a proclamation. Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, and English were adopted after the Indian Constitution in 1950, supported by the INC and several figures active in the campaign for Indian independence. One of India's official languages, Urdu, was supplanted.
- Pakistan was established on the basis of the two-nation doctrine. In its most basic form, the two-nation theory refers to the differences in social, political, religious, economic, and cultural practises between the two main communities of Hindus and Muslims on the Subcontinent.
- In Aligarh, he planned the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. Loyalty to the British government was the major goal of the Aligarh movement. Muslims need access to contemporary, western education to compete with Hindus. to keep Muslims away from politics.
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