What is industrial melanism as an example of natural selection ?
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Explanation:
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Answer:
(1) Industrial melanism is the best example of natural selection which was studied by Kettlewell. In UK. there are two varieties of peppered moths, Biston betularia and Biston carbonaria.
(2) Before industrialisation, in Great Britain, Biston betularia were more in number than Biston carbonaria. B. Betularla is greyish white while B.carbonaria is melanic form.
3) These nocturnal moths rest on tree trunk during day. White-winged moth can camouflage well with the lichen covered whitish barks of trees. They thus escaped the attention of the predatory birds. But at the same time melanic forms were visible due to white barks of the trees. Their number was thus reduced as they were preyed upon by birds.
(4) Later there was an industrial revoludon, which ulimately resulted in air pollution causing dark soot to sette on the barks of the trees. Lichens too were destroyed and the melanic forms were now at advantage. Melanic forms could camoulage with black tree trunks and their number increased. White-winged moth become clearly seen in changed colours of the trees and thus they were easily caught by predatory birds. This caused decrease in their number.
(5) Natural selection thus acted in changed environmental conditions and helped in the establishment of a phenotypic traits. The changed raits were more adaptive and hence were selected. Natural selection encourages those gencs or traits that assure highest degree of adaptve efficiency between population and its environment.