Question

What is industrial system? Explain the different aspects of industrial with example

Answer 1

The factory system replaced the domestic system, in which individual workers used hand tools or simple machinery to fabricate goods in their own homes or in workshops attached to their homes. The use of waterpower and then the steam engine to mechanize processes such as cloth weavingin England in the second half of the 18th century marked the beginning of the factory system. This system was enhanced at the end of the 18th century by the introduction of interchangeable parts in the manufacture of muskets and, subsequently, other types of goods. Prior to this, each part of a musket (or anything else assembled from multiple components) had been individually shaped by a workman to fit with the other parts. In the new system, the musket parts were machined to such precise specifications that a part of any musket could be replaced by the same part from any other musket of the same design. This advance signaled the onset of mass production, in which standardized parts could be assembled by relatively unskilled workmen into complete finished products.

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The resulting system, in which work was organized to utilize power-driven machinery and produce goods on a large scale, had important social consequences: formerly, workers had been independent craftsmen who owned their own tools and designated their own working hours, but in the factory system, the employer owned the tools and raw materials and set the hours and other conditions under which the workers laboured. The location of work also changed. Whereas many workers had inhabited rural areas under the domestic system, the factory system concentrated workers in cities and towns, because the new factories had to be located near waterpower and transportation (alongside waterways, roads, or railways). The movement toward industrialization often led to crowded, substandard housing and poor sanitary conditions for the workers. Moreover, many of the new unskilled jobs could be performed equally well by women, men, or children, thus tending to drive down factory wages to subsistence levels. Factories tended to be poorly lit, cluttered, and unsafe places where workers put in long hours for low pay. These harsh conditions gave rise in the second half of the 19th century to the trade-union movement, in which workers organized in an attempt to improve their lot through collective action. (Seeorganized labour.)

Two major advances in the factory system occurred in the early 20th century with the introduction of management science and the assembly line. Scientific management, such as time-and-motion studies, helped rationalize production processes by reducing or eliminating unnecessary and repetitious tasks performed by individual workers. The old system in which workers carried their parts to a stationary assembly point was replaced by the assembly line, in which the product being assembled would pass on a mechanized conveyor from one stationary worker to the next until it was completely assembled.

By the second half of the 20th century, enormous increases in worker productivity—fostered by mechanization and the factory system—had yielded unprecedentedly high standards of living in industrialized nations. Ideally, the modern factory was a well-lit, well-ventilated building that was designed to ensure safe and healthy working conditions mandated by government regulations. The main advance in the factory system in the latter part of the century was that of automation, in which machines were integrated into systems governed by automatic controls, thereby eliminating the need for manual labour while attaining greater consistency and quality in the finished product. Factory production became increasingly globalized, with parts for products originating in different countries and being shipped to their point of assembly. As labour costs in the developed countries continued to rise, many companies in labour-intensive

Over time the nature of technological change shifted from the introduction of new mechanical contrivances…

modernization: Economic change

…in single, comprehensive enterprises (the factory system); and a pivotal role for a specific social…



social science: Major themes resulting from democratic and industrial change

Sixth, there was the factory system. The importance of this to 19th-century thought has been intimated…



industrial relations: Germany

In this era the factory came to reflect the values of the society and to serve as an industrial community…




history

industrial societies

In modernization: Economic change

Neolithic industry

In Stone Age: Ax factories and flint mines

Answer 2

 Industrial systems are made up of input, processes, and output. The input of raw materials, labour, land, power, and other infrastructure.

1. Raw material

Agro-based industries: These industries use plants and animal-based products as their raw materials. Examples, food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products, and leather industries.

Mineral based industries: Mineral-based industries are based on mining and use ‘mineral ore’ as raw material. These industries also provide to other industries. They are used for heavy machinery and building materials.

Marine-based industries: Marine-based industries use raw materials from sea or ocean. Examples, fish oil.

Forest-based industries: These industries use raw materials from the forest like wood. The industries connected with forest are paper, pharmaceutical, and furniture.

2. Size

Size of industries are measured by how much money is invested, employee count and goods produced.

Small-scale industries: Small-scale industries have less capital and technology invested in them. There is often manual labour noticed here. Example, Basket weaving, pottery, and handicrafts.

Large-scale industries: Largescale industries are the exact opposite of small-scale industries. Here the capital invested is large and advanced technology is in use here. Example, Automobiles and Heavy Machinery.

3. Ownership

Private sector: Private industries are businesses that are owned and operated by an individual or group of individuals.

Public sector: Public industries are owned and managed by the government. Example, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)

Joint sector industries: These industries are jointly operated by the state and individuals. Example, Maruti Udyog.

Cooperative sector industries: Cooperative industries are operated by the suppliers, producers or workers of raw material. Example, Amul India