Question

what is innate immunity ? list different type of barriers of defence​

Answer 1

ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴɴᴀᴛᴇ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴᴇ ʀᴇsᴘᴏɴsᴇ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ғɪʀsᴛ ᴍᴇᴄʜᴀɴɪsᴍ ғᴏʀ ʜᴏsᴛ ᴅᴇғᴇɴsᴇ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ɪɴ ᴀʟʟ ᴍᴜʟᴛɪᴄᴇʟʟᴜʟᴀʀ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs. ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴɴᴀᴛᴇ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴᴇ sʏsᴛᴇᴍ ɪs ᴍᴏʀᴇ ᴀɴᴄɪᴇɴᴛ ᴛʜᴀɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴄǫᴜɪʀᴇᴅ ᴏʀ ᴀᴅᴀᴘᴛɪᴠᴇ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴᴇ ʀᴇsᴘᴏɴsᴇ, ᴀɴᴅ ɪᴛ ʜᴀs ᴅᴇᴠᴇʟᴏᴘᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ᴇᴠᴏʟᴠᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴇᴄᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴏsᴛ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ sᴜʀʀᴏᴜɴᴅɪɴɢ ᴇɴᴠɪʀᴏɴᴍᴇɴᴛ ɪɴ ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴀ ᴠᴀʀɪᴇᴛʏ ᴏғ ᴛᴏxɪɴs ᴀɴᴅ ɪɴғᴇᴄᴛɪᴏᴜs ᴀɢᴇɴᴛs ɪɴᴄʟᴜᴅɪɴɢ ʙᴀᴄᴛᴇʀɪᴀ, ғᴜɴɢɪ, ᴠɪʀᴜsᴇs ᴀɴᴅ ᴘᴀʀᴀsɪᴛᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ (1).

ᴛʜᴇ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴᴇ sʏsᴛᴇᴍ ɪs ᴄᴏᴍᴘʟᴇx ᴀɴᴅ ɪs ᴅɪᴠɪᴅᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛᴡᴏ ᴄᴀᴛᴇɢᴏʀɪᴇs: ɪ) ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴɴᴀᴛᴇ ᴏʀ ɴᴏɴsᴘᴇᴄɪғɪᴄ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴɪᴛʏ, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴄᴏɴsɪsᴛs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄɪᴘᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴘʀᴇᴇxɪsᴛᴇɴᴛ ᴍᴇᴄʜᴀɴɪsᴍs ɪɴᴄʟᴜᴅɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴀᴛᴜʀᴀʟ ʙᴀʀʀɪᴇʀs (sᴋɪɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴍᴜᴄᴏsᴀ) ᴀɴᴅ sᴇᴄʀᴇᴛɪᴏɴs; ᴀɴᴅ ɪɪ) ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴅᴀᴘᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴏʀ sᴘᴇᴄɪғɪᴄ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴɪᴛʏ, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ɪs ᴛᴀʀɢᴇᴛᴇᴅ ᴀɢᴀɪɴsᴛ ᴀ ᴘʀᴇᴠɪᴏᴜsʟʏ ʀᴇᴄᴏɢɴɪᴢᴇᴅ sᴘᴇᴄɪғɪᴄ ᴍɪᴄʀᴏᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍ ᴏʀ ᴀɴᴛɪɢᴇɴ. ᴛʜᴜs, ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴀ ɢɪᴠᴇɴ ᴘᴀᴛʜᴏɢᴇɴ ɪs ɴᴇᴡ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴏsᴛ, ɪᴛ ɪs ɪɴɪᴛɪᴀʟʟʏ ʀᴇᴄᴏɢɴɪᴢᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴɴᴀᴛᴇ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴᴇ sʏsᴛᴇᴍ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴅᴀᴘᴛɪᴠᴇ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴᴇ ʀᴇsᴘᴏɴsᴇ ɪs ᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴀᴛᴇᴅ (2). ɪɴɴᴀᴛᴇ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴɪᴛʏ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴏsᴛ’s ғɪʀsᴛ ʟɪɴᴇ ᴏғ ᴅᴇғᴇɴsᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ɪs ɪɴᴛᴇɴᴅᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴘʀᴇᴠᴇɴᴛ ɪɴғᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴀᴛᴛᴀᴄᴋ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴠᴀᴅɪɴɢ ᴘᴀᴛʜᴏɢᴇɴs.ᴛʜɪs ɴᴏɴsᴘᴇᴄɪғɪᴄ ᴍᴇᴄʜᴀɴɪsᴍ ɪs ғᴀsᴛ (ᴍɪɴᴜᴛᴇs ᴛᴏ ʜᴏᴜʀs) ᴡʜɪʟᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴅᴀᴘᴛɪᴠᴇ ʀᴇsᴘᴏɴsᴇ ᴛᴀᴋᴇs ʟᴏɴɢᴇʀ (ᴅᴀʏs ᴛᴏ ᴡᴇᴇᴋs).

ɪɴɴᴀᴛᴇ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴɪᴛʏ ɪs ᴄᴏᴍᴘʀɪsᴇᴅ ᴏғ ᴅɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏɴᴇɴᴛs ɪɴᴄʟᴜᴅɪɴɢ ᴘʜʏsɪᴄᴀʟ ʙᴀʀʀɪᴇʀs (ᴛɪɢʜᴛ ᴊᴜɴᴄᴛɪᴏɴs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ sᴋɪɴ, ᴇᴘɪᴛʜᴇʟɪᴀʟ ᴀɴᴅ ᴍᴜᴄᴏᴜs ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ sᴜʀғᴀᴄᴇs, ᴍᴜᴄᴜs ɪᴛsᴇʟғ); ᴀɴᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄᴀʟ ʙᴀʀʀɪᴇʀs; ᴇᴘɪᴛʜᴇʟɪᴀʟ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘʜᴀɢᴏᴄʏᴛɪᴄ ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴇɴᴢʏᴍᴇs (ɪ.ᴇ., ʟʏsᴏᴢʏᴍᴇ), ᴘʜᴀɢᴏᴄʏᴛᴇs (ɪ.ᴇ., ɴᴇᴜᴛʀᴏᴘʜɪʟs, ᴍᴏɴᴏᴄʏᴛᴇs, ᴍᴀᴄʀᴏᴘʜᴀɢᴇs), ɪɴғʟᴀᴍᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ-ʀᴇʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ sᴇʀᴜᴍ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴇɪɴs (ᴇ.ɢ., ᴄᴏᴍᴘʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛ, ᴄ-ʀᴇᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴇɪɴ, ʟᴇᴄᴛɪɴs sᴜᴄʜ ᴀs ᴍᴀɴɴᴏsᴇ-ʙɪɴᴅɪɴɢ ʟᴇᴄᴛɪɴ, ᴀɴᴅ ғɪᴄᴏʟɪɴs); sᴜʀғᴀᴄᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘʜᴀɢᴏᴄʏᴛᴇ ɢʀᴀɴᴜʟᴇ ᴀɴᴛɪᴍɪᴄʀᴏʙɪᴀʟ ᴘᴇᴘᴛɪᴅᴇs (ᴇ.ɢ., ᴅᴇғᴇɴsɪɴs, ᴄᴀᴛʜᴇʟɪᴄɪᴅɪɴ, ᴇᴛᴄ.); ᴄᴇʟʟ ʀᴇᴄᴇᴘᴛᴏʀs ᴛʜᴀᴛ sᴇɴsᴇ ᴍɪᴄʀᴏᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs ᴀɴᴅ sɪɢɴᴀʟ ᴀ ᴅᴇғᴇɴsɪᴠᴇ ʀᴇsᴘᴏɴsᴇ (ᴇ.ɢ., ᴛᴏʟʟ-ʟɪᴋᴇ ʀᴇᴄᴇᴘᴛᴏʀs); ᴀɴᴅ ᴄᴇʟʟs ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʀᴇʟᴇᴀsᴇ ᴄʏᴛᴏᴋɪɴᴇs ᴀɴᴅ ɪɴғʟᴀᴍᴍᴀᴛᴏʀʏ ᴍᴇᴅɪᴀᴛᴏʀs (ɪ.ᴇ., ᴍᴀᴄʀᴏᴘʜᴀɢᴇs, ᴍᴀsᴛ ᴄᴇʟʟs, ɴᴀᴛᴜʀᴀʟ-ᴋɪʟʟᴇʀ ᴄᴇʟʟs). ᴏɴᴄᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ʜᴏsᴛ-ɪɴᴠᴀᴅᴇʀ ᴘᴀᴛʜᴏɢᴇɴ ᴇɴᴛᴇʀs, ᴀ sɪɢɴᴀʟɪɴɢ ᴄᴀsᴄᴀᴅᴇ ɪs ɪɴɪᴛɪᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴇɴʜᴀɴᴄᴇs ᴛʜᴇ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴᴇ ʀᴇsᴘᴏɴsᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴀᴛᴇs sᴘᴇᴄɪғɪᴄ ᴍᴇᴄʜᴀɴɪsᴍs (3-5). ᴛʜɪs ɴᴀᴛᴜʀᴀʟ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴᴇ ʀᴇsᴘᴏɴsᴇ ɪs ᴅᴇsɪɢɴᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ: ᴀ) ᴘʀᴇᴠᴇɴᴛ ɪɴғᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴ, ʙ) ᴇʟɪᴍɪɴᴀᴛᴇ ɪɴᴠᴀᴅᴇʀ ᴘᴀᴛʜᴏɢᴇɴs, ᴀɴᴅ ᴄ) sᴛɪᴍᴜʟᴀᴛᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴄǫᴜɪʀᴇᴅ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴᴇ ʀᴇsᴘᴏɴsᴇ.

Answer 2

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Innate immunity is comprised of different components including physical barriers (tight junctions in the skin, epithelial and mucous membrane surfaces, mucus itself); anatomical barriers; epithelial and phagocytic cell enzymes (i.e., lysozyme), phagocytes (i.e., neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages), inflammation- ...