What is inside the flame? Explain in detail.
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A flame (from Latin flamma) is the visible, gaseous part of a fire. It is caused by a highly exothermic reaction taking place in a thin zone.[1] Very hot flames are hot enough to have ionized gaseous components of sufficient density to be considered plasma.
Mechanism
Flame color
Flame temperatureEdit

A flame test for sodium. Note that the yellow color in this gas flame does not arise from the black-body emission of soot particles (as the flame is clearly a blue premixed complete combustion flame) but instead comes from the spectral line emission of sodium atoms, specifically the very intense sodium D lines.
When looking at a flame's temperature there are many factors which can change or apply. An important one is that a flame's color does not necessarily determine a temperature comparison because black-body radiation is not the only thing that produces or determines the color seen; therefore it is only an estimation of temperature. Here are other factors that determine its temperature:
Adiabatic flame; i.e., no loss of heat to the atmosphere (may differ in certain parts).Atmospheric pressurePercentage oxygen content of the atmosphere.The fuel being burned (i.e., depends on how quickly the process occurs; how violent the combustion is.)Any oxidation of the fuel.Temperature of atmosphere links to adiabatic flame temperature (i.e., heat will transfer to a cooler atmosphere more quickly).How stoichiometric the combustion process is (a 1:1 stoichiometricity) assuming no dissociation will have the highest flame temperature... excess air/oxygen will lower it and likewise not enough air/oxygen.
In fires (particularly house fires), the cooler flames are often red and produce the most smoke. Here the red color compared to typical yellow color of the flames suggests that the temperature is lower. This is because there is a lack of oxygen in the room and therefore there is incomplete combustion and the flame temperature is low, often just 600 to 850 °C (1,112 to 1,562 °F). This means that a lot of carbon monoxide is formed (which is a flammable gas) which is when in fire and arson investigation there is greatest risk of backdraft. When this occurs combustible gasses, already at or above flash point of spontaneous combustion, are exposed to oxygen, carbon monoxide and superheated hydrocarbons combust and temporary temperatures of up to 2,000 °C (3,630 °F) occur.[citation needed]
Flame temperatures of common items include a candle at 829 °C (1,500 °F),[6] a blow torch – at around 1,600 °C (2,900 °F) a propane torch at 1,995 °C (3,620 °F), or a much hotter oxyacetylene combustion at 3,000 °C (5,400 °F).
Common flame temperaturesEdit
This is a rough guide to flame temperatures for various common substances (in 20 °C (68 °F) air at 1 atm. pressure):
Material burnedFlame temperatureCharcoal fire750–1,200 °C (1382-2192 °F)Methane (natural gas)900–1,500 °C (1652-2732 °F)Bunsen burner flame900–1,600 °C (1652-2912 °F) [depending on the air valve, open or close.]Candle flame≈1,100 °C (≈2012 °F) [majority], hot spots may be 1300–1400 (2372-2552 °F)Propane blowtorch1,200–1,700 °C (2192-3092 °F)Backdraft flame peak1,700–1,950 °C (3092-3542 °F)Magnesium1,900–2,300 °C (3452-4172 °F)Hydrogen torchUp to ≈2,000 °C (≈3632 °F)MAPP gas2,020 °C (3668 °F)Acetylene blowlamp/blowtorchUp to ≈2,300 °C (≈4172 °F)OxyacetyleneUp to 3,300 °C (5972 °F)Material burnedMax. flame temperature (in air, diffusion flame)[4]Animal fat800–900 °C (1472-1652 °F)Kerosene990 °C (1814 °F)Gasoline1,026 °C (1878.8 °F)Wood1,027 °C (1880.6 °F)Methanol1,200 °C (2192 °F)Charcoal (forced draft)1,390 °C (2534 °F)
Hottest flame temperature
Mechanism
Flame color
Flame temperatureEdit

A flame test for sodium. Note that the yellow color in this gas flame does not arise from the black-body emission of soot particles (as the flame is clearly a blue premixed complete combustion flame) but instead comes from the spectral line emission of sodium atoms, specifically the very intense sodium D lines.
When looking at a flame's temperature there are many factors which can change or apply. An important one is that a flame's color does not necessarily determine a temperature comparison because black-body radiation is not the only thing that produces or determines the color seen; therefore it is only an estimation of temperature. Here are other factors that determine its temperature:
Adiabatic flame; i.e., no loss of heat to the atmosphere (may differ in certain parts).Atmospheric pressurePercentage oxygen content of the atmosphere.The fuel being burned (i.e., depends on how quickly the process occurs; how violent the combustion is.)Any oxidation of the fuel.Temperature of atmosphere links to adiabatic flame temperature (i.e., heat will transfer to a cooler atmosphere more quickly).How stoichiometric the combustion process is (a 1:1 stoichiometricity) assuming no dissociation will have the highest flame temperature... excess air/oxygen will lower it and likewise not enough air/oxygen.
In fires (particularly house fires), the cooler flames are often red and produce the most smoke. Here the red color compared to typical yellow color of the flames suggests that the temperature is lower. This is because there is a lack of oxygen in the room and therefore there is incomplete combustion and the flame temperature is low, often just 600 to 850 °C (1,112 to 1,562 °F). This means that a lot of carbon monoxide is formed (which is a flammable gas) which is when in fire and arson investigation there is greatest risk of backdraft. When this occurs combustible gasses, already at or above flash point of spontaneous combustion, are exposed to oxygen, carbon monoxide and superheated hydrocarbons combust and temporary temperatures of up to 2,000 °C (3,630 °F) occur.[citation needed]
Flame temperatures of common items include a candle at 829 °C (1,500 °F),[6] a blow torch – at around 1,600 °C (2,900 °F) a propane torch at 1,995 °C (3,620 °F), or a much hotter oxyacetylene combustion at 3,000 °C (5,400 °F).
Common flame temperaturesEdit
This is a rough guide to flame temperatures for various common substances (in 20 °C (68 °F) air at 1 atm. pressure):
Material burnedFlame temperatureCharcoal fire750–1,200 °C (1382-2192 °F)Methane (natural gas)900–1,500 °C (1652-2732 °F)Bunsen burner flame900–1,600 °C (1652-2912 °F) [depending on the air valve, open or close.]Candle flame≈1,100 °C (≈2012 °F) [majority], hot spots may be 1300–1400 (2372-2552 °F)Propane blowtorch1,200–1,700 °C (2192-3092 °F)Backdraft flame peak1,700–1,950 °C (3092-3542 °F)Magnesium1,900–2,300 °C (3452-4172 °F)Hydrogen torchUp to ≈2,000 °C (≈3632 °F)MAPP gas2,020 °C (3668 °F)Acetylene blowlamp/blowtorchUp to ≈2,300 °C (≈4172 °F)OxyacetyleneUp to 3,300 °C (5972 °F)Material burnedMax. flame temperature (in air, diffusion flame)[4]Animal fat800–900 °C (1472-1652 °F)Kerosene990 °C (1814 °F)Gasoline1,026 °C (1878.8 °F)Wood1,027 °C (1880.6 °F)Methanol1,200 °C (2192 °F)Charcoal (forced draft)1,390 °C (2534 °F)
Hottest flame temperature
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