Question

what is internal and external frontier

Answer 1

The internal frontiers of the sultanate means the hinterland of garrison town.This land is between the Ganga and Yamuna.During the rule of Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq the first set of campaigns were along this internal frontiers. During these campaigns the forest were cleared,hunter gatherers were expelled from their place and the land was given to the peasants and merchants. New fortresses and towns were established.Trade roots were protected and agriculture was promoted. The The external frontiers of the sultanate means the regions that are beyond the sultanate and are unconquered.This land was of south india. Military campaigns were held along the external frontiers and the Sultanate armies carried away precious metals and wealth.

Answer 2

Answer:

The first set of campaigns along the “internal frontier” of the Sultanate aimed at consolidating the hinterlands of the garrison towns. During these campaigns forests were cleared in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and hunter gatherers and pastoralists expelled from their habitat. These lands were given to peasants and agriculture was encouraged. New fortresses and towns were established to protect trade routes and to promote regional trade. The second expansion occurred along the “external frontier” of the Sultanate. Military expeditions into southern India started during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and culminated with Muhammad Tughluq. In their campaigns, Sultanate armies captured elephants, horses and slaves and carried away precious metals.

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