What is Kernel? Describe briefly the approaches of designing Kernel
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The kernel is a computer program that is the core of a computer's operating system, with complete control over everything in the system.[1] On most systems, it is one of the first programs loaded on start-up (after the bootloader). It handles the rest of start-up as well as input/output requests from software, translating them into data-processinginstructions for the central processing unit. It handles memory and peripherals like keyboards, monitors, printers, and speakers.

A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer.
The critical code of the kernel is usually loaded into a protected area of memory, which prevents it from being overwritten by applications or other, more minor parts of the operating system. The kernel performs its tasks, such as running processes and handling interrupts, in kernel space. In contrast, everything a user does is in user space: writing text in a text editor, running programs in a GUI, etc. This separation prevents user data and kernel data from interfering with each other and causing instability and slowness.[1]
The kernel's interface is a low-levelabstraction layer. When a process makes requests of the kernel, it is called a system call. Kernel designs differ in how they manage these system calls and resources. A monolithic kernel runs all the operating system instructions in the same address space for speed. A microkernel runs most processes in user space,[2] for modularity.[3]

A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer.
The critical code of the kernel is usually loaded into a protected area of memory, which prevents it from being overwritten by applications or other, more minor parts of the operating system. The kernel performs its tasks, such as running processes and handling interrupts, in kernel space. In contrast, everything a user does is in user space: writing text in a text editor, running programs in a GUI, etc. This separation prevents user data and kernel data from interfering with each other and causing instability and slowness.[1]
The kernel's interface is a low-levelabstraction layer. When a process makes requests of the kernel, it is called a system call. Kernel designs differ in how they manage these system calls and resources. A monolithic kernel runs all the operating system instructions in the same address space for speed. A microkernel runs most processes in user space,[2] for modularity.[3]
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A kernel is a central component of an operating system. It acts as an interface between the user applications and the hardware.In a modern day approach to monolithic architecture, the kernel consists of different modules which can be dynamically - This modular approach allows easy extension of OS's capabilities.
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