What is limph. How is the composition of limph different from blood. list features of limph
Answers
Answer:
lymph is basically a part of your immune system, it is a transparent substance which contains white blood cells mainly lymphocytes which help in fighting against bacteria. it is different from blood as blood contains various other substances like platellets, plasma, haemoglobin etc
Explanation:
answer
definition
Lymph is an alkaline fluid that originates as interstitial fluid in your body. In this context, an interstitial space is basically an empty space between tissue structures. Interstitial fluid flows in the space between and around tissues and cells. You might compare this space to the holes in a sponge. Just as these holes fill up with water and keep the material of a sponge wet, the fluid that becomes lymph bathes and nourishes in the cells of all your tissues.
composition of lymph different from blood
The first proteomics report on lymph dates back to 2004, when Leak et al. (45) provided a comparison between ovine lymph and plasma proteomes using a 2D PAGE—MS/MS workflow (where proteins are separated by 2D PAGE, then subjected to multiple steps of MS). The compositional unicity of the lymph proteome was reported for the first time, with a subset of protein spots being uniquely identified or found to be higher in abundance in lymph compared with plasma samples, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, neutrophil cytosol factor-1, fibrinogen α- and β-chains, IgG, to name a few.
In 2008, Mittal et al. (16, 46) performed a quantitative analysis of the rat mesenteric lymph proteome in response to alterations in the dietary regimen (rats fed a normal diet versus fasting). A total of 150 proteins were measured using a relative quantification approach in lymph from both the fasted and fed states. A proteome significantly enriched in protease inhibitors and proteins related to innate immunity was observed.
Human lymph proteome coverage has recently expanded as well (11, 13), confirming findings from animal models. Analyses of matched plasma and lymph from trauma patients resulted in the identification of 548 proteins in total, including 232 shared entries.
Similar findings have recently been reported and expanded by Clement et al. (12, 47, 48). Here 144 common proteins could be found between plasma and lymph. Most of the shared proteins were represented by soluble secreted, interstitial and extracellular proteins; the rest derived from intracellular organelles (nucleus, cytosol and plasma membrane). The complement system, transporters, metabolism regulators and protease inhibitors covered half of the proteome shared by the two fluids, which is suggestive of a core of conserved functional features between plasma and lymph.
In 2013, Clement et al. (12, 47) reported a comparative proteomics analysis of matched human plasma versus lymph, highlighting the presence of 72 lymph-enriched proteins, involved in apoptosis, cell catabolism or ECM remodeling (collagens, cartilage and other ECM proteins). Gene ontology annotation of their lymph proteome results showed enrichment of intracellular proteins (functionally classified as 25% extracellular, 32% from cytoplasm, 21% from nucleus and 11% from plasma membrane) compared with plasma. Consistently with this, Dzieciatkowska et al. recently reported that, in matched lymph versus plasma samples from individuals experiencing major trauma, the former fluid was characterized by 105 unique identifications, most of which involved cell lysis products, and mediators of pro-inflammatory responses and immune system activation. Of note, lymph was specifically enriched with mediators of vascular hypoactivity/neoangiogenesis and energy/redox metabolism—two key markers of metabolic adaptations to trauma—as well as ECM components and lymph-specific immunomodulators (14, 15).
As technical strides in proteomic technologies enable the detection of increasingly lower abundance proteins in complex biological fluids, most of the proteins previously identified as lymph-specific have been progressively included in the non-redundant list of the plasma proteome, as part of the Human Plasma Proteome Project. However, it should be noted that quantitative differences between the two fluids have consistently been observed including in more recent studies (11). Targeted quantitative proteomics approaches that utilize standards labeled with heavy isotopes for absolute quantification will help us revise our current understanding of the specific composition of the fluids.
list features of lymph
The lymphatic system consists of all lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs. For example, the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus as well as the lymphatic tissue found in the small intestine (Peyer’s patches) and throat (adenoid tonsils, palatine and tubal tonsils), to name a few, all represent lymphatic organs.
Hence, rather than representing a single organ, the lymphatic system comprises a circulatory network of vessels and lymphoid tissue and cells in every part of the body. It works together closely with the blood-producing (haematopoietic) system in the bone marrow, thereby playing a vital role in immune responses to protect the body from various pathogens. Also, the lymphatic vessel network helps transporting nutrients and waste products in the body.
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