what is lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphe
Answers
Answer:
Everything in Earth's system can be placed into one of four
major subsystems: land, water, living things, or air. These four
subsystems are called "spheres." Specifically, they are the
"lithosphere" (land), "hydrosphere" (water), "biosphere" (living
things), and "atmosphere" (air). Each of these four spheres can
be further divided into sub-spheres.
Explanation:
The Lithosphere--contains all of the cold, hard solid land of the
planet's crust (surface), the semi-solid land underneath the
crust, and the liquid land near the center of the planet. The
surface of the lithosphere is very uneven. There are high
mountain ranges like the Rockies and Andes, huge plains or flat
areas like those in Texas, Iowa, and Brazil and deep valleys along
the ocean floor.
The solid, semi-solid, and liquid land of the lithosphere form layers that are
physically and chemically different. If someone were to cut through Earth to
its center, these layers would be revealed like the layers of an onion. The
outermost layer of the lithosphere consists of loose soil rich in nutrients,
oxygen, and silicon. Beneath that layer lies a very thin, solid crust of oxygen
and silicon. Next is a thick, semi-solid mantle of oxygen, silicon, iron, and
magnesium. Below that is a liquid outer core of nickel and iron. At the center
of Earth is a solid inner core of nickel and iron.
The Hydrosphere -- contains all the solid, liquid, and gaseous
water of the planet. It ranges from 10 to 20 kilometers in
thickness. The hydrosphere extends from Earth's surface
downward several kilometers into the lithosphere and upward
about 12 kilometers into the atmosphere. A small portion of
the water in the hydrosphere is fresh (non-salty). This water
flows as precipitation from the atmosphere down to Earth's surface, as
rivers and streams along Earth's surface, and as groundwater beneath
Earth's surface. Most of Earth's fresh water, however, is frozen.
2
Ninety-seven percent of Earth's water is salty. The salty water collects in
deep valleys along Earth's surface. These large collections of salty water are
referred to as oceans. The image above depicts the different temperatures
one would find on oceans' surfaces. Water near the poles is very cold while
water near the equator is very warm. The differences in temperature cause
water to change physical states. Extremely low temperatures like those
found at the poles cause water to freeze into a solid such as a polar icecap, a
glacier, or an iceberg. Extremely high temperatures like those found at the
equator cause water to evaporate into a gas.
The Atmosphere--contains all the air in Earth's system. It
extends from less than 1 m below the planet's surface to more
than 10,000 km above the planet's surface. The upper portion
of the atmosphere protects the organisms of the biosphere
from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. It also absorbs and emits
heat. When air temperature in the lower portion of this
sphere changes, weather occurs. As air in the lower atmosphere
is heated or cooled, it moves around the planet. The result can be as simple
as a breeze or as complex as a tornado.
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Answer:
lithosphere: the rigid outer part of the earth consisting of the crust and upper mantle
hydrosphere:all the waters on the earth surface,such as lakes and seas
atmosphere:the envelope of gases surrounding the earth
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