what is lithosphere,hydrosphere,Biosphere
Answers
The Lithosphere--contains all of the cold, hard solid land of the
planet's crust (surface), the semi-solid land underneath the
crust, and the liquid land near the center of the planet. The
surface of the lithosphere is very uneven. There are high
mountain ranges like the Rockies and Andes, huge plains or flat
areas like those in Texas, Iowa, and Brazil and deep valleys along
the ocean floor.
The solid, semi-solid, and liquid land of the lithosphere form layers that are
physically and chemically different. If someone were to cut through Earth to
its center, these layers would be revealed like the layers of an onion. The
outermost layer of the lithosphere consists of loose soil rich in nutrients,
oxygen, and silicon. Beneath that layer lies a very thin, solid crust of oxygen
and silicon. Next is a thick, semi-solid mantle of oxygen, silicon, iron, and
magnesium. Below that is a liquid outer core of nickel and iron. At the center
of Earth is a solid inner core of nickel and iron.
The Hydrosphere -- contains all the solid, liquid, and gaseous
water of the planet. It ranges from 10 to 20 kilometers in
thickness. The hydrosphere extends from Earth's surface
downward several kilometers into the lithosphere and upward
about 12 kilometers into the atmosphere. A small portion of
the water in the hydrosphere is fresh (non-salty). This water
flows as precipitation from the atmosphere down to Earth's surface, as
rivers and streams along Earth's surface, and as groundwater beneath
Earth's surface. Most of Earth's fresh water, however, is frozen.
Ninety-seven percent of Earth's water is salty. The salty water collects in
deep valleys along Earth's surface. These large collections of salty water are
referred to as oceans. The image above depicts the different temperatures
one would find on oceans' surfaces. Water near the poles is very cold while
water near the equator is very warm. The differences in temperature cause
water to change physical states. Extremely low temperatures like those
found at the poles cause water to freeze into a solid such as a polar icecap, a
glacier, or an iceberg. Extremely high temperatures like those found at the
equator cause water to evaporate into a gas.
The Biosphere --contains all the planet's living things. This
sphere includes all of the microorganisms, plants, and animals
of Earth. Within the biosphere, living things form ecological
communities based on the physical surroundings of an area.
These communities are referred to as biomes. Deserts,
grasslands, and tropical rainforests are three of the many
types of biomes that exist within the biosphere.
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