what is living space or lebensraum according to Adolf Hitler ?
Answers
The concept of Lebensraum ("living space") originated with German geographer and ethnographer Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904).
Ratzel studied how humans reacted to their environment and were especially interested in human migration.
In 1901, Ratzel published an essay called "Der Lebensraum" ("The Living Space"), in which he posited that all peoples (as well as animals and plants) needed to expand their living space in order to survive.
Many in Germany believed Ratzel's concept of Lebensraum supported their interest in establishing colonies, following the examples of the British and French empires.
Hitler, on the other, hand, took it a step farther.
Hitler's Lebensraum
In general, Hitler agreed with the concept of expansion to add more living space for the German Volk (people). As he stated in his book, Mein Kampf:
[W]ithout consideration of "traditions" and prejudices, it [Germany] must find the courage to gather our people and their strength for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present restricted living space to new land and soil, and hence also free it from the danger of vanishing from the earth or of serving others as a slave nation.
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf 1
However, rather than adding colonies to make Germany larger, Hitler wanted to enlarge Germany within Europe.
For it is not in colonial acquisitions that we must see the solution of this problem, but exclusively in the acquisition of a territory for settlement, which will enhance the area of the mother country, and hence not only keep the new settlers in the most intimate community with the land of their origin, but secure for the total area those advantages which lie in its unified magnitude.
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf 2
Adding living space was believed to strengthen Germany by helping solve internal problems, make it militarily stronger, and help make Germany become economically self-sufficient by adding food and other raw material sources.
Hitler looked east for Germany's expansion in Europe. It was in this view that Hitler added a racist element to Lebensraum. By stating that the Soviet Union was run by Jews (after the Russian Revolution), then Hitler concluded Germany had a right to take Russian land.
For centuries Russia drew nourishment from this Germanic nucleus of its upper leading strata. Today it can be regarded as almost totally exterminated and extinguished. It has been replaced by the Jew. Impossible as it is for the Russian by himself to shake off the yoke of the Jew by his own resources, it is equally impossible for the Jew to maintain the mighty empire forever. He himself is no element of organization, but a ferment of decomposition. The Persian empire in the east is ripe for collapse. And the end of Jewish rule in Russia will also be the end of Russia as a state.
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf 3
Hitler was clear in his book Mein Kampf that the concept of Lebensraum was essential to his ideology.
In 1926, another important book about Lebensraum was published -- Hans Grimm's book Volk ohne Raum ("A People without Space"). This book became a classic on Germany's need for space and the book's title soon became a popular National Socialist slogan.