what is mansabdar -jagirdari system
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Jo person raja ka dhan collect karta hai use mansabdar kahte hai.
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We also notice an evolution in the beginning and the growth of this institution. The word Mansab means a place, a position, an honour and a rank, which happened to be an integral part of the elaborate Mughal bureaucracy.
Percival Spear rightly points out that this Mansabdari system was elite within an elite.
Jagirdari System:
Assignment of a piece of land to an individual for the purpose of collection of revenue in lieu of cash salary is an age-old practice in India. In the Delhi Sultanate period such assignments were called Iqtas and the holders Iqtadars. The Mughal emperors also implemented this system and the areas assigned were called Jagirs and their holders, Jagirdars. It is to be remembered in this connection that it is not land that was assigned but the right to collect revenue or income from the piece of land.
The framework of the Mughal Jagirdari system began during the reign of Akbar and in course of time it underwent modifications. Babur and Humayun continued the collection of revenue from the assigned territories through Wajahdars by fixing ‘wajah’. In the time of Akbar, the territory was broadly divided as Khalisa and Jagirs.
The revenue of Khalisa territory was collected and deposited in the imperial treasury. Depending on the rank the Jagirdar was assigned the collection of revenue in lieu of salary in cash. The maximum area of the territory was assigned to Mansabdars on the basis of their rank. The estimated revenue from the territory was called ‘jama ojamadari’ as it was calculated in ‘dam’.
Dam is a small copper coin. Generally, the jama included land revenue, in-land transit duties, port customs and other taxes too. This is also known as ‘sair jihat’ and ‘hasil’ or the amount of revenue actually collected. There were various types of Jagirs or revenue assignments.
They are:
(1) Jagirs, which were given in lieu of pay known as Jagir Tankha,
(2) Jagirs given to an individual on certain conditions called Mashrut Jagirs,
(3) Jagirs with no involvement of obligations of service and were independent of rank known as Inam Jagirs, and
(4) Jagirs, assigned to Zamindars in their home lands called Watan Jagirs.
Of these varieties, Tankha Jagirs were transferable for every three or four years. Watan Jagirs were hereditary Jagirs and non-transferable. Yet, all these types of Jagirs were liable for conversion. Thus, the Jagirdars were allowed to collect only the stipulated amount fixed by the king.
The Jagirdar collected the revenue through his own officials like Karkun, Amir and Fotedar. The imperial bureaucracy kept a vigilant watch over the Jagirdars. The Diwan of the Suba saw to it that the Jagirdars never harassed the peasants for excess payment. From the 20th year of the reign of Akbar, an Amir was posted in the Subha to see that the Jagirdars strictly implemented the royal orders.
In times of difficulty, the Jagirdar took the help of faujdar for the collection of revenue. During the later period of Aurangzeb’s reign, there arose a crisis in Jagirdari system and this in turn led to a crisis in the Mughal Empire.
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Percival Spear rightly points out that this Mansabdari system was elite within an elite.
Jagirdari System:
Assignment of a piece of land to an individual for the purpose of collection of revenue in lieu of cash salary is an age-old practice in India. In the Delhi Sultanate period such assignments were called Iqtas and the holders Iqtadars. The Mughal emperors also implemented this system and the areas assigned were called Jagirs and their holders, Jagirdars. It is to be remembered in this connection that it is not land that was assigned but the right to collect revenue or income from the piece of land.
The framework of the Mughal Jagirdari system began during the reign of Akbar and in course of time it underwent modifications. Babur and Humayun continued the collection of revenue from the assigned territories through Wajahdars by fixing ‘wajah’. In the time of Akbar, the territory was broadly divided as Khalisa and Jagirs.
The revenue of Khalisa territory was collected and deposited in the imperial treasury. Depending on the rank the Jagirdar was assigned the collection of revenue in lieu of salary in cash. The maximum area of the territory was assigned to Mansabdars on the basis of their rank. The estimated revenue from the territory was called ‘jama ojamadari’ as it was calculated in ‘dam’.
Dam is a small copper coin. Generally, the jama included land revenue, in-land transit duties, port customs and other taxes too. This is also known as ‘sair jihat’ and ‘hasil’ or the amount of revenue actually collected. There were various types of Jagirs or revenue assignments.
They are:
(1) Jagirs, which were given in lieu of pay known as Jagir Tankha,
(2) Jagirs given to an individual on certain conditions called Mashrut Jagirs,
(3) Jagirs with no involvement of obligations of service and were independent of rank known as Inam Jagirs, and
(4) Jagirs, assigned to Zamindars in their home lands called Watan Jagirs.
Of these varieties, Tankha Jagirs were transferable for every three or four years. Watan Jagirs were hereditary Jagirs and non-transferable. Yet, all these types of Jagirs were liable for conversion. Thus, the Jagirdars were allowed to collect only the stipulated amount fixed by the king.
The Jagirdar collected the revenue through his own officials like Karkun, Amir and Fotedar. The imperial bureaucracy kept a vigilant watch over the Jagirdars. The Diwan of the Suba saw to it that the Jagirdars never harassed the peasants for excess payment. From the 20th year of the reign of Akbar, an Amir was posted in the Subha to see that the Jagirdars strictly implemented the royal orders.
In times of difficulty, the Jagirdar took the help of faujdar for the collection of revenue. During the later period of Aurangzeb’s reign, there arose a crisis in Jagirdari system and this in turn led to a crisis in the Mughal Empire.
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