What is matter explain the whole chapter ?
Answers
In the classical physics and in the chemistry of things of everyday life, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. All everyday objects that we can touch are ultimately composed ofatoms, which are made up of interactingsubatomic particles, and in everyday as well as scientific usage, "matter" generally includes atoms and anything made up of them, and any particles (or combination of particles) that act as if they have both rest mass and volume.
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Here is your answer.....
Matter is everything around you.
Anything that occupies space and has mass and is felt by senses is called matter. Matter is the form of five basic elements the Panch tatva air , earth ,fire , sky and water.
Characteristics of particles of matter:-
- Made of tiny particles.
- Vacant spaces exist in particles.
- Particles are in continuous motion.
- Particles are held together by forces of attraction.
States of Matter
- Basis of Classification of Types
- Based upon particle arrangement
- Based upon energy of particles
- Based upon distance between particles
Five states of matter are:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Bose einstein condensate.
Solid :-
Fixed shape and definite volume .
Inter particle distances are smallest.
Incompressible.
High density and do not diffuse.
Inter particle forces of attraction are strongest.
Constituent particles are very closely packed.
Liquid :-
Not fixed shape but fixed volume.
Inter particle distances are larger.
Almost incompressible.
Density is lower than solids and diffuse.
Inter particle forces of attraction are weaker than solids .
Constituent particles are less closely packed.
Gas :-
Neither fixed shape nor fixed volume.
Inter particle distances are largest.
Highly compressible.
Density is least and diffuse.
Inter particle forces of attraction are weakest
Constituent particles are free to move about.
Plasma (non �evaluative)
� A plasma is an ionized gas.
� A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.
� Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Ex. Ionized gas
Bose-Einstein condensate (non �evaluative)
� A BEC is a state of matter that can arise at very low temperatures.
� The scientists who worked with the Bose-Einstein condensate received a Nobel Prize for their work in 1995.
� The BEC is all about molecules that are really close to eachother (even closer than atoms in a solid).
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Plasmas
1. Plasmas have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because the particles can move past one another.
2. Plasmas are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles.
3. Plasmas are good conductors of electricity &are affected by magnetic fields because they are composed of ions
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of BEC
1. Particles are less energetic than solids because Exist at very low temperature .
2. Particles are literally indistinguishable because they are locked into same space
3. BEC shows superfluidity because Particles can flow without friction.
Interchange in states of matter
Sublimation :
The changing of solid directly into vapours on heating & vapours into solid on cooling. Ex. Ammonium chloride , camphor & iodine.
Latent Heat :
The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules during change of state.
Vaporisation
Heat energy required to change 1kg of solid into liquid. Heat energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure atits boiling point.
Evaporation & Boiling
� Particles of matter are always moving and are never at rest. � At a given temperature in any gas, liquid or solid, there are particles with different amounts of kinetic energy.
� In the case of liquids, a small fraction of particles at the surface, having higher kinetic energy, is able to break away from the forces of attraction of other particles and gets converted into vapour .
� This phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
Factors Affecting Evaporation
� The rate of evaporation increases with an increase of surface area.
� With the increase of temperature, more number of particles get enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state.
� Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air around us cannot hold more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given temperature. If the amount of water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases.
� Wind speed : the higher the wind speed , the more evaporation.
Evaporation Vs Boiling (difference)
� Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk (whole) of the liquid change into vapour state.
� Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Particles from the surface gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction present in the liquid and change into the vapour state.
Kelvin & Celsius Scale
� Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature, 00 C =273.16 K. we take 00C = 273 K.
� SI unit of temperature is Kelvin. T (K)= T ( o0C) +273
� Kelvin scale of temperature has always positive sign , hence regarded as better scale than Celsius.
� Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by a gas. The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa):
� 1 atmosphere = 1.01 � (10 to the power 5) Pa. The pressure of air in atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere, and is taken as the normal atmospheric pressure.
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